平衡晶体溶液与0.9%生理盐水治疗急性腹泻严重脱水儿童 什么是脱水?如何治疗? 患有严重脱水的急性腹泻或肠胃炎的儿童需要静脉（进入静脉）补液（称为静脉矫正）。用于此目的的最常见的静脉注射溶液是所谓的晶体液，即矿物盐溶液（如钠、钾或氯化物等电解质）。最常用于脱水儿童的晶体液是0.9%生理盐水。目前尚不清楚这种溶液是否是这些儿童的最佳干预措施，因为与其他疾病和条件中的其他液体相比，0.9%生理盐水的使用与产生或恶化已建立的代谢性酸中毒和增加住院时间有关。 什么是代谢性酸中毒? 代谢性酸中毒被定义为由不同疾病引起的低血清pH值降低，包括脱水。pH值是酸性/碱性溶液（如水或体液）的测量值。另一个衡量酸中毒程度的指标是血清碳酸氢盐水平。碳酸氢盐是一种身体缓冲剂，当代谢性酸中毒发生时，它有助于补偿pH。血清碳酸氢盐水平越低，酸中毒越严重。代谢性酸中毒是脱水的一种常见并发症，脱水后恢复的儿童可能会出现呕吐和进食阻碍，从而延长住院时间。当代谢性酸中毒严重（非常低的pH值）而不治疗时，它会影响身体代谢功能。使用0.9%生理盐水的另一个担忧是可能增加低钾血症（血液中钾含量低）的风险，脱水儿童通常会出现这种情况。除其他并发症外，由于肌肉无力和胃肠运动减少，低钾血症还可能会妨碍儿童接受口服液和喂养的能力。 关于腹泻儿童严重脱水的治疗还有哪些不知道的? 0.9%生理盐水的替代品是所谓的平衡溶液，它被定义为...

Specifications: Permanent – Full Time (Hybrid Role, 3 days office and 2 days WFH)
Salary: £55,257 (Paid in DKK, as per market exchange rate) per annum
Location: Copenhagen, Denmark
Directorate: Publishing & Technology
Closing date: 7 June 2023

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into five directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

As development team lead, you will manage an Agile/Scrum software development team (3 developers, 1 test engineer) who develop web applications that accelerate the production of systematic reviews of health evidence. You will support the team in their work, coordinate with product owners on timelines, and contribute to software testing within the team as needed to ensure sprint goals are met.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values: Collaboration: Underpins everting we do, locally and globally. Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format. Integrity: Independent and transparent. Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.  

You can expect:  

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally  
• A flexible work environment  
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and how to apply, please click here.
• The deadline to receive your application is 7 June 2023.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples. 
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Tuesday, May 23, 2023 Category: Jobs

Thursday, May 11, 2023

Thursday, May 11, 2023

Stroke, heart disease, hypertension and peripheral vascular diseases are leading global causes of mortality and morbidity. As the population ages and these conditions become more common in low-income countries, the need for an integrated response has become increasingly clear.

The new Heart, Stroke and Circulation Thematic Group aims to bring together experts from across all four topics to foster collaboration between researchers in different fields while providing comprehensive reviews on cutting-edge topics related to stroke, heart disease, hypertension, and peripheral vascular diseases. 

A collaborative effort

Through this collaborative effort, it is hoped that progress toward a better understanding of these conditions can be accelerated while also providing improved patient care.

The Heart, Stroke and Circulation Group has 708 relevant Cochrane reviews; 216 of which have been used over 1,000 times each and some of which have been used over 5,000 times. 

Professor Mead explained: “Multimorbidity prevalence will increase with an ageing global population and we know that different vascular diseases coexist in the same person. We hope that through our new thematic group, we will be able collective expertise and knowledge, create more comprehensive reviews, which will be of benefit to patients living with vascular disease, and also those making treatment and policy decisions in this area.”

Covering a broader range of topics in greater depth

As populations age and these conditions become more prevalent in low-income countries, the need to work together becomes increasingly important. 

This new thematic group was formed to reduce topic overlap between the four areas of research and to improve time-to-publication by sharing collective expertise and knowledge and collaborating with experts around the world. By combining forces, they will be able to provide reviews that cover a broad range of topics with greater depth. The aim is to benefit experts looking for information but, equally as importantly, patients who may have a combination of diseases or issues that cross over between multiple disciplines. 

Alex Todhunter-Brown continues: "Management of heart disease, stroke, hypertension, and peripheral vascular diseases is a global challenge that requires an integrated approach. The Heart, Stroke and Circulation Thematic Group is an alliance of experts, united by a common goal to generate evidence to support the best ways of prevention, treatment and rehabilitation of these conditions. Our goal is to improve outcomes for people with these conditions – we can do this by ensuring that we have robust, reliable evidence about effective treatments and rehabilitation strategies. Working together, we can make a difference to people affected by heart, stroke and circulation problems."

• Learn more about Cochrane Heart, Stroke and Circulation and get involved

Wednesday, May 10, 2023

  Characterised by close collaboration and cross-disciplinary expertise, Cochrane’s new Person-Centred Care, Health Systems and Public Health Thematic Group is led by Rebecca Ryan (CCC, La Trobe University Australia), Luke Wolfenden (CPH, University of Newcastle, Australia), Simon Lewin (EPOC, Norwegian University of Science and Technology) and Sasha Shepperd (EPOC, University of Oxford), the new Group has its sights set on bringing quantitative, qualitative and mixed methods expertise to evidence applied across diverse clinical areas, populations and contexts.   ‘We know the UN Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) highlight the interconnectedness between health and public health systems and personal, social and environmental contexts,’ Rebecca Ryan explains. ‘But to date Cochrane hasn’t been well placed to engage with this cross-cutting agenda. Establishing this Thematic Group offers a really timely and promising opportunity to begin doing so. We are really looking forward to working together on this.’

‘With our longstanding shared interests in methods, topics and complex reviews, we have enjoyed the benefits of close collaboration for many years. We now want to enable Cochrane to take forward evidence syntheses that span these complex areas and contribute to the delivery of the SDGs and improvement of global health outcomes.’

‘Working more closely as a coordinated Thematic Group will enable cross-cutting priority topics to be identified, along with overlapping areas where research waste might be reduced. There will also be scope to explore effective and efficient ways of providing content input through new Evidence Synthesis Units and the Central Editorial Service. There are so many possibilities.’

Person-Centred Care

Person-centred approaches are a key part of ensuring that health and public health systems interventions, and their implementation strategies, meet the needs of patients, family members, carers and other stakeholders by identifying priority topics and outcomes that are mutually beneficial.

‘Person-centred approaches can lead to more sustainable and resilient services and systems that are better able to meet individual and community needs. They promote engagement, empowerment and equity and are increasingly recognised as necessary for safe, high-performing health systems,’ Rebecca says. ‘There are many examples of improvements where health and public health systems have adopted a person- centred approach. On the other hand, when health care organisation and delivery is less focused on people we know the outcomes can be dire – for example leading to antibiotic resistance due to poor prescribing , increased medication errors, fragmented care and risks to patient safety, increased maternal mortality, and inappropriate and unresponsive end of life care.’

Bringing together evidence on person-centred care and evidence from the fields of health and public health systems will contribute to ensuring that Cochrane evidence addresses these critical issues and meets the needs of diverse communities around the world.’

Health Systems and Public Health

The COVID-19 pandemic continues to highlight the urgent need for resilient health and public health systems that effectively engage people within and across communities. In response, the Person-Centred Care, Health Systems and Public Health Thematic Group will support the integration of evidence-based interventions into health and public health systems to improve outcomes for patients and communities globally. To do so, the Group will draw on a range of disciplines including health services research, behavioral and implementation sciences, stakeholder engagement and participatory methods, qualitative research, and quality improvement.

‘A health system includes the policies, organizations and activities that have the primary purpose of promoting, restoring or maintaining the health and wellbeing of individuals and the public,’ Rebecca explains. ‘They are complex structures spanning local, national and global contexts and involve a multiplicity of delivery platforms – so for example health facilities of all sorts, schools, communities and households - and an even wider range of service users and other stakeholders.’

‘We know interventions focused on health and public health systems can have substantial effects on peoples’ lives. We need high quality evidence to identify effective health or public health policies, programmes and services and maximise their benefits. We also need evidence-based strategies to support their implementation in feasible ways that meet the needs of consumers and key stakeholders.’

Global scope, focus on low- and middle-income countries (LMICs)

Collectively, this new Thematic Group brings over two decades of substantial experience working with LMIC-based partners to identify priority topics, conduct syntheses, disseminate key findings and strengthen capacity.

‘We look forward to building on the strong representation of LMIC-based editors and other partners in the months and years ahead,’ says EPOC’s Simon Lewin. ‘For example, our group currently has five LMIC-based editors and associate editors. We also have a number of strategies in place that will help to ensure we support the development and use of evidence relevant to LMICs. Our Internal Reference Group and International Advisory Panel will include strong participation from LMIC-based partners, and we will work closely with LMIC-based Cochrane geographic entities, several of which have expressed support for this Thematic Group.’

‘We also look forward to engaging with key organisations, such as the WHO HQ and relevant WHO regional offices, to identify priority synthesis topics for LMIC settings. Our knowledge translation approach will consistently consider ways of reaching LMIC-based policy users and other stakeholders.’

Next steps

‘As one of the first Thematic Groups, we plan to dedicate time to engaging with the wider Cochrane community to understand our role and set priorities that align with important global health topics’, Rebecca says. ‘We will also build on our relationships with funders across our geographic contexts and topic areas to explore funding opportunities and options.’‘We have a real interest in further developing and extending our methods of working with consumers and other stakeholders so that we can build expertise and capacity in a wider range of approaches and activities. Activities include active involvement in priority setting for research and review topics, community engagement to inform sharing of research findings directly with policymakers, and co-production of research including co-authoring Cochrane reviews. We intend that these kinds of activities will continue, alongside new and evolving opportunities to contribute to Cochrane and evidence synthesis activities.

• Learn more about Person Centred Care, Health Systems and Public Health and get involved

Wednesday, May 10, 2023

抗抑郁药用于治疗慢性疼痛的效果如何，它们是否会引起不良影响？ 关键信息 我们只对一种抗抑郁药的有效性有信心：度洛西汀。我们发现标准剂量（60毫克）是有效的，使用更高剂量没有好处。 我们不确定任何抗抑郁药的不良反应，因为这方面的资料不足。未来的研究应该解决这个问题。 在慢性疼痛的临床实践中，在尝试其他抗抑郁药之前，可以考虑标准剂量的度洛西汀。 采取以人为本的方法至关重要。疼痛是一种非常个人化的经历，即使研究证据不确定或无法获得，某些药物也可能对人们有效。未来的研究应该持续更长时间，并专注于抗抑郁药的不良反应。 什么是慢性疼痛？ 慢性疼痛是持续三个月以上的任何类型的疼痛。全世界超过三分之一的人患有慢性疼痛。这通常会影响人们的情绪和幸福感，以及他们工作和执行日常任务的能力。 抗抑郁药如何治疗慢性疼痛？ 抗抑郁药是最初开发的治疗抑郁症的药物。不同类型的抗抑郁药以不同的方式起作用。以相同方式起作用的抗抑郁药被分组到几类中。最常见的类别是选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs）、三环类抗抑郁药（tricyclic antidepressants, TCAs）和5-羟色胺-去甲肾上腺素再摄取抑制剂（serotonin-noradrenalin reuptake inhibitors, SNRIs）。研究表明，抗...

• Largest ever investigation into antidepressants used for chronic pain shows insufficient evidence to determine how effective or harmful they may be.
• Study reviewed commonly prescribed medications including amitriptyline, duloxetine, fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, and sertraline.
• One third of people globally are living with long-term pain with many prescribed antidepressants to relieve symptoms.

Most antidepressants used for chronic pain are being prescribed with “insufficient” evidence of their effectiveness, scientists have warned.

A major investigation into medications used to manage long-term pain found that harms of many of the commonly recommended drugs have not been well studied.

The Cochrane review, led by scientists from several UK universities including Southampton and Newcastle, examined 176 trials consisting of nearly 30,000 patients involved in assessments which prescribed antidepressants for chronic pain.

Among the drugs studied were amitriptyline, fluoxetine, citalopram, paroxetine, sertraline, and duloxetine – with only the latter showing reliable evidence for pain relief. One third of people globally are living with chronic pain, World Health Organisation data shows, with many prescribed antidepressants for relieving symptoms.

Lead author Professor Tamar Pincus from the University of Southampton said: “This is a global public health concern. Chronic pain is a problem for millions who are prescribed antidepressants without sufficient scientific proof they help, nor an understanding of the long-term impact on health.

“Our review found no reliable evidence for the long-term efficacy of any antidepressant, and no reliable evidence for their safety for chronic pain at any point. Though we did find that duloxetine provided short-term pain relief for patients we studied, we remain concerned about its possible long-term harm due to the gaps in current evidence.”

Amitriptyline is one of the most commonly prescribed antidepressants for pain management worldwide. In the last 12 months, around ten million prescriptions were given to patients in England at the 10mg dose recommended for pain. By comparison, five million prescriptions were given at the higher doses recommended for depression.

For duloxetine, three and a half million prescriptions were dispensed in England, but the recommended doses do not currently differ between conditions.

The two-year Cochrane study was the largest ever assessment of antidepressants recommended by leading bodies including the UK’s National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) and the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the USA.

Statistician Gavin Stewart, review co-author from Newcastle University, said: “We are calling on governing health bodies NICE and the FDA to update their guidelines to reflect the new scientific evidence, and on funders to stop supporting small and flawed trials. Evidence synthesis is often complex and nuanced but the evidence underpinning the use of these treatments is not equivalent, so current treatment modalities are hard to justify.”

The review revealed that duloxetine was consistently the highest-rated medication and was equally as effective for fibromyalgia, musculoskeletal, and neuropathic pain conditions.

Other results showed:

• Standard doses of duloxetine are as successful for reducing pain as higher quantities.
• Milnacipran was also effective at reducing pain, but scientists are not as confident as duloxetine due to fewer studies with fewer people.

Prof Tamar Pincus added: “We simply cannot tell about other antidepressants because sufficiently good studies are not available – but it does not mean that people should stop taking prescribed medication without consulting their GP.”

Scientists responsible for the review, funded by the NIHR’s Health Technology Assessment programme, were from the universities of Southampton, Newcastle, Bristol, UCL, Bath, and Keele, alongside Oxford University Hospital.

The team assessed the trials using a statistical method that enables researchers to combine data from relevant studies to estimate the effects of different drugs, which have not been compared directly in individual trials.

University of Southampton researcher Dr Hollie Birkinshaw said: “Though previous investigations show that some antidepressants might relieve pain, there has never been a comprehensive study examining all medications across all chronic conditions – until now.

“The only reliable evidence is for duloxetine. Adopting a person-centred approach is critical to treatment and, when patients and clinicians decide together to try antidepressants, they should start from the drug for which there is good evidence.”

• Read the plain language summary and full Cochrane Review

Birkinshaw H, Friedrich CM, Cole P, Eccleston C, Serfaty M, Stewart G, White S, Moore RA, Phillippo D, Pincus T. Antidepressants for pain management in adults with chronic pain: a network meta‐analysis. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews 2023, Issue 5. Art. No.: CD014682. DOI: 10.1002/14651858.CD014682.pub2.

Wednesday, May 10, 2023

A  full-time position as a Postdoc is vacant at Cochrane Denmark and at the Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine Odense (CEBMO), Department of Clinical Research, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Southern Denmark (SDU).

Apply by 1 July 2023

The position is limited to two years with the possibility of extension by up to a maximum of two years, starting in September 2023 (negotiable).

The position involves research (50%), pre-graduate and postgraduate guidance and teaching (40%) and administration (10%).

Research tasks
The position as a postdoc consists of research, teaching, professional development, and guidance in Evidence-Based Medicine.

The centre’s main research topics are bias in clinical research, conflicts of interest, de-implementation, and medical devices. The centre is responsible for a pre-graduate course in evidence-based medicine for medical students, and postgraduate courses (e.g., PhD courses). Furthermore, the centre supports Cochrane authors and runs a methodological consultancy service for clinical researchers, e.g., when conducting systematic reviews.

We expect you to have a relevant academic degree (PhD level) and a research interest in evidence-based medicine and clinical research methodology.

The post involves responsibility for a primary project on exploring the concept of minimally relevant degree of bias in randomized trials.

Expectations of qualifications
The applicant must have a Ph.D.-degree and documented research experience in one or more of the following areas/fields:

• Evidence-based medicine
• Research methodology
• Clinical minimally relevant difference
• Meta-epidemiology

Potential applicants must be postdoc-qualified in accordance with Ministerial Order on Job Structure for Academic Staff at Universities.

Contact
For further information please contact the Head of Centre, OUH/SDU, Asbjørn Hróbjartsson, phone 24792553/ e-mail: ahrobjartsson@health.sdu.dk or the Head of  the Department of Clinical Research Kirsten Ohm Kyvik, phone: 6011 3046/ e-mail: KKyvik@health.sdu.dk

Conditions of employment
The Recruitment/Hiring takes place in accordance with the agreement between the Ministry of Finance and the Central Organisation of the Academics.

Assessment of applicant will be done in accordance with the current/applicable university recruitment order. Applicants will be assessed by an expert committee, and applicant will be informed of their assessment by the university.

Applications – including the required attachments – must be sent electronically via the below-mentioned link “Apply online". Only online applications will be accepted and assessed. Attached files must be Adobe PDF or Word format. Each field in the application form can contain up to max. 10 MB.

Only applications written in English will be accepted for evaluation.

The application must include (as PDF- or docx-files):

• A motivation letter
• A CV
• Copies of certificates/diplomas including evidence of acquisition of a PhD degree or equivalent
• A complete and numbered list of publications
• The 3 scientific, peer-reviewed publications that the applicant wishes to be included in the assessment of his or her scientific qualifications. (Please note that one PDF or docx file must be attached for each publication).
• A research plan
• A teaching portfolio
• An explanation of other qualifications relevant to the position.

Incomplete applications, which do not meet the above-mentioned requirements, will not be assessed.

See also the faculty's guidance for applicants at the link below.

Applications may be shortlisted

The University wishes our staff to reflect the diversity of society and thus welcomes applications from all qualified candidates regardless of personal background.

Living and working in Denmark
Foreign applicants will be offered Danish language training as part of the employment. The International Staff Office (ISO) at SDU provides a variety of services for new employees, guests and people who are considering applying for a job at the University of Southern Denmark. Among other things, the staff answers questions concerning salary, taxation, housing and accompanying family.

Further Details

• Guide for applicants
• Apply by 1 July 2023

Tuesday, May 9, 2023 Category: Jobs

β-地中海贫血患者骨质疏松症的治疗 系统综述问题 β-地中海贫血患者骨质疏松症的不同治疗方法的有效性和安全性如何？ 研究背景 随着时间的推移，骨质疏松症会影响骨密度，并导致骨折风险增加。这是β-地中海贫血（一种血红蛋白生成减少的血液疾病）患者患病的一个重要原因。 β-地中海贫血患者的骨质疏松症有几种可能的治疗方法，包括双磷酸盐（有助于减缓骨质流失的药物）、降钙素、钙、锌补充剂、羟基脲、激素替代疗法（HRT）、地诺单抗（可抑制骨吸收并增加骨矿物质密度（BMD））和雷奈酸锶（促进骨形成并抑制骨吸收）。 我们希望找到治疗β-地中海贫血患者骨质疏松症的最有效方法。我们的主要结局指标包括：下背部、臀部和手腕的BMD（越高越好）；骨折；活动能力；生活质量；以及治疗带来的不良影响。本综述是对之前发表的Cochrane综述的更新。 文献检索日期 证据更新至2022年8月4日。 试验特征 本综述纳入六项试验，其中298名年龄在10岁至78岁之间的β地中海贫血患者被随机分配到治疗组 。 试验研究了双膦酸盐（阿仑膦酸盐、氯膦酸盐、奈立膦酸盐和帕米膦酸盐）、硫酸锌补充剂、地诺单抗和雷奈酸锶。五项研究将积极治疗与虚拟治疗（安慰剂）或不治疗进行比较，一项试验比较了两种不同剂量的双膦酸盐。四项试验计划持续两年（撰写本文时，其中一项试验仅公布了12个月的数据），两项试验持续了12个月。 主要研究结果 双膦酸盐与...

抢救期间家属是否应该在场 为什么这个问题很重要？ 如今，病人和他们的亲属越来越希望能积极参与到治疗的过程中。然而，有人担心抢救过程中的家属在场（family presence during resuscitation, FPDR）会导致亲属出现创伤后应激障碍（post-traumatic stress disorder, PTSD）相关症状，或对医护人员的工作表现产生负面影响，从而影响危重症护理的质量。还有人担心病人的保密性会受到侵犯，因为病人在这种情况下的想法和喜好是无法说出来的。患者、亲属和医护人员被视为一种相互影响的三角关系，因此必须平衡所有参与人员的需求。 我们想知道什么? 我们想根据现有证据，研究FPDR的影响，包括心脏骤停、创伤和急性医疗护理。 本综述的主要目的是调查在患者心脏骤停、创伤或急性医疗期间为其亲属提供在场的选择如何影响亲属中PTSD相关症状的发生。 次要目的是调查提供FPDR如何影响亲属中抑郁、焦虑和悲伤的发生，以及FPDR对医疗护理的时间长短、医护人员、医疗护理的质量和病人的生存机会有什么影响。 我们做了什么？ 我们在2022年3月22日检索了医学数据库，没有限制任何语言。我们追溯了参考文献并联系研究作者以确定更多的研究。我们纳入了针对曾在病人抢救期间在场的成人亲属进行的随机对照试验（一种研究类型，受试者被随机分配到两个或更多的治疗组中的一个）。 我们发...

通过皮肤测量胆红素水平是测量新生儿血液中胆红素水平的可靠替代方法吗？ 关键信息 本系统综述纳入的研究表明，不使用针头通过皮肤测量胆红素水平可以鉴定新生儿胆红素水平过高。 为什么诊断新生儿高胆红素水平很重要？ 胆红素是红细胞分解产生的一种物质。黄疸是新生儿期非常常见的问题，是由于血液中胆红素水平过高（高胆红素血症）引起的。尽早发现高胆红素血症对于预防脑损伤等不良后果非常重要。 什么是经皮胆红素测量？ 测量新生儿胆红素的通常程序是采集血液样本（通过在脚跟上做一个小切口或将针插入静脉，这对婴儿来说可能会很痛）并在实验室进行测试（血清总胆红素测量）。然而，有些设备通过向皮肤发出闪光来测量胆红素（经皮胆红素测量）。这种方法是无痛的，并且几乎可以立即得到结果。 我们想知道什么？ 我们想了解经皮胆红素测量仪能否准确诊断高胆红素血症。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了比较经皮胆红素测量与血清总胆红素测量的准确性的研究。我们原本打算使用统计方法合并各项研究的结果，但未能做到；因此，我们以叙述的方式呈现结果。 我们发现了什么？ 我们找到了在不同国家和环境中进行的23项研究（5058 名受试者），使用不同的经皮胆红素测量设备，并以不同的胆红素值定义高胆红素血症。这些婴儿中有些是早产儿，有些是足月儿（怀孕37周后出生），年龄从出生到一个月不等。总体而言，研究结果表明，经皮胆红素测量是检测新生儿高胆红素血症的良...

降低中低收入国家有害饮酒情況的干预措施 为什么本综述很重要？ 有害饮酒是造成全球疾病负担的主要原因之一。在中低收入国家，有害饮酒的状况日益增加。然而，预防和治疗有害饮酒的服务有限。造成缺乏可用服务的原因之一是关于哪些干预方法可有效减少有害饮酒以及这些方法在资源匮乏环境中是否可行和可接受的信息有限。为了防止有害饮酒造成的身体、心理和社会负担，重要的是采取有效的干预措施来减少与酒精相关的伤害。 本综述的目的是什么？ 本综述旨在总结社会心理和药物干预能否减少中低收入国家有害饮酒的证据。我们还旨在评估治疗的安全性以及有多少人仍在接受治疗直至完成。 研究结果如何？ 我们确定了66项随机对照试验，评估干预措施对减少有害饮酒的效果。其中大部分研究评估了社会心理干预（n=52项研究），6项评估了单独的药物干预，8项评估了药物和社会心理联合干预。 大多数纳入的试验由政府机构资助（36 项试验），其次是多个公共和私人资助者（8 项试验）或私人基金会（5 项试验）。17项试验未报告资金来源。 我们不确定短暂的社会心理干预和其他社会心理干预是否可以减少有害的酒精使用。与联合安慰剂的社会心理干预相比，药物和社会心理联合干预可能会减少有害酒精的使用，但证据的质量被评估为低。没有发现研究单独考察药物干预对有害饮酒的影响。我们没有发现证据表明任何干预类型的研究条件之间的保留率不同。 证据的质量： 由于缺乏盲法、...

The Cochrane Colloquium is a premier event for those interested in evidence-based healthcare decision-making. It brings together individuals involved in evidence production, dissemination, implementation, and policy-making, as well as those making individual healthcare decisions. The 2023 Cochrane Colloquium will take place in London, UK from 4th to 6th of September 2023, with satellite events on 3rd of September. Registration is now open.

One of the key features of the Colloquium is the poster sessions, which have facilitated many collaborations, partnerships, and learning opportunities. This year, approximately 300 posters will be presented. However, rows of text-heavy posters can be difficult for attendees to navigate, particularly for those for whom English is not their native language, or who may be neurodivergent or disabled.

To address this challenge, we are collaborating with a team of researchers who are investigating the accessibility of presentations at academic conferences. As part of their work, they have created Cochrane Colloquium poster templates based on the latest evidence.

Can you tell us a bit about your elite poster research team so we have an understanding of how you are approaching academic posters?
Sure! Our team includes Dr. Zen Faulkes, author of the book “Better Posters” and founder of the Better Posters blog, Dr. Mike Morrison, the psychologist who created a redesign for scientific posters that went viral and started the #BetterPoster movement, and Dr. Emily Messina and her colleagues at IPG Health Medical Communications (James Wells, Noofa Hannan, and Anja Petersen).   

What do you see as the purpose of academic posters?
For all the hate posters get, they have incredible potential and play a crucial role in science communication. A scientific poster session is one of the only learning environments in science where researchers walk into a room completely open to learning anything. So, a key function of scientific posters is to give scientists broad, serendipitous insight about work going on across their whole field. They’re also great for meeting people with similar research interests. Networking is a key purpose of attending a poster session, but the job of the poster itself is to communicate insight very quickly (and engagingly!) in a stressed, busy environment.

Most conference attendees can probably relate to this. Most academic posters follow the same format that they always have. What’s wrong with them?
Imagine that you’re standing in front of a wall where somebody has taped-up printed pages of a scientific paper, and you’re trying to read all those dense text and tiny figures on the pages from 4 feet away. Now imagine trying to do that while there are literally 100 other similar ‘posters’ you need to see in a short time, and while a presenter is standing in your personal bubble trying to talk to you. Now imagine trying to do that with low vision, or a processing disorder that amplifies the lights and sounds in the room. It’s difficult to learn anything from the poster in that context, which is why people often just give up and ask the presenter to explain the study.

That’s core problem with the traditional scientific poster design: It ignores the context of just how busy and overwhelming the room it’s sitting in is. Mainly because it was created decades ago when poster sessions were much smaller.

There is also a harmful feedback loop in scientific poster design, where authors with (typically) no design training feel like they need to ‘fill up all the space’ with text and figures to ‘show that they did work’, and then the poster session attendees learn just to accept that cluttered posters will always be the norm and we have to make due with them.

So, what would make these posters better?
A ‘better’ poster is one that is designed to teach people about what the study learned fast, even when they’re mentally overwhelmed or standing far away. This typically means ‘better’ posters are much less cluttered, have big clear takeaways, and have bigger key figures and data visualizations. You can imagine how this is also unsurprisingly better for accessibility needs like low vision or ADHD.

Can you tell us more about the design you came up with?
The #BetterPoster template is based on the latest research in instructional design, accessibility, and eye tracking. It is designed to teach people something (typically the main finding) from a far distance; this makes it possible for you to learn something from every poster in the room, not just the few you stop at. (If you’re a presenter worried about ‘spoilers’, research so far indicates that this results in the same or more people actually stopping to talk). Then, the remainder of the poster is designed to quickly communicate additional details (limitations, key figures, methods) still at a distance of about 3ft. The figures also include mini-takeaways, to help people interpret graphs while also trying to, for example, pay attention to you the presenter. Finally, it includes a QR code that people can scan to get the author’s contact details or read the whole paper.

Cochrane is adopting the #BetterPoster design as the official poster template for the Cochrane Colloquium. What can poster presenters expect?
Poster presenters can expect to save hours of time in creating their posters and to have an easier time getting their information to the people who will be most interested in their content. You’ll notice that when people walk by your betterposter, more people will at least read your big main finding. When that happens, count it as a little win: you’ve just communicated something you’ve learned to somebody else who needs to know it, even if they didn’t stop. Then, when people do stop to talk, hopefully you notice that they’re able to engage with more content on your poster and ask you better questions because you made it big and clear enough to read. Presenters can download the templates here. The templates are adjustable to the specific size requirements of the colloquium, but they can also be adapted for other presentations in the future. And please get creative in how you make your poster ‘feel’! Communicating study-relevant emotion is part of good science communication. We're excited to see what you come up with; please tag pictures of your poster with #BetterPoster on social media so we can see them!

And what can attendees of the Colloquium expect?
You typically browse a poster session hunting for those one or two posters that are most relevant to you that you’re going to invest in. You can still do that, but now, with betterposters, you’ll be constantly learning as you’re hunting. You’ll learn something from every single poster you walk by, and then more from the few you decide to stop at. And if you stop to talk, it’ll be easier to see the figures and details while you’re talking to the presenter. And if you want even more on your favourite poster, scan the QR code for more detail that you can take away.  We will include an evaluation within the official post-Colloquium survey and look forward to hearing attendees' feedback.

• Download the #BetterPoster template
• Learn more about the Cochrane Colloquium, 4-6 September 2023

Tuesday, May 16, 2023

Title: Project Officer
Specifications: 12-Months Fixed Term – Contract
Salary: £32,500 per annum
Location: UK – Remote/Flexible
Directorate: CEOO
Closing date: May 22, 2023

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters from around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into five directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

We are recruiting a project officer role to support the Project Portfolio Manager with the development of Cochrane’s new organizational strategy, annual operational plans and quarterly reports. The role will also support the Project Managers with administrative duties for Cochrane’s priority projects and programs where required.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values: Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally. Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format. Integrity: Independent and transparent. Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.

You can expect:

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally
• A flexible work environment
•  A comprehensive onboarding experiences
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• Further information on the role and how to apply
• The deadline to receive your application is the May 22nd , 2023.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples.  
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Friday, May 5, 2023 Category: Jobs

Cochrane Rehabilitation will represent Cochrane in an upcoming side event at the 76th World Health Assembly (WHA). The event, titled "Strengthening Rehabilitation in Health Systems - Responding to the new WHA Resolution" aims to raise awareness of evidence-based health policies and advocate for the integration of rehabilitation services into health systems. As WHO's decision-making body, the WHA is attended by representatives from all Member States, making it a crucial platform for promoting evidence-informed healthcare practices. This year's assembly marks the 75th anniversary of WHO's founding and the first time that a resolution focused on rehabilitation has been included in the agenda.

• 25 May 2023, 18:30 - 19:30 CEST, followed by a  reception
• The Auditorium, Domaine de la Pastorale, Route de Ferney 106, Geneva  or via live-stream
• Register to attend in-person or online
  
  
  

Emma Thompson, Cochrane 's Advocacy and Partnership Lead, stated: “The World Health Assembly is the most important global health policy forum, bringing together health leaders from around the world. This side event is a major opportunity for Cochrane to stand alongside others working in rehabilitation in calling on decision-makers to ensure that the provision of robust, evidence-informed services for everyone remains firmly on the global health agenda.”

Dr. Carlotte Kiekens, Cochrane Rehabilitation Co-Director, emphasized the significance of the forthcoming vote on the "Strengthening Rehabilitation in Health Systems" resolution, stating: "This year, the World Health Assembly (WHA) will vote for the first time on a resolution for ‘Strengthening Rehabilitation in Health Systems'. This comes from an understanding that we are experiencing increased disability and multimorbidity due to the ageing population, the growth of non-communicable diseases, and the successes of medicine.”

Prof. Stefano Negrini, Director of Cochrane Rehabilitation, will participate in the panel session and discuss issues related to research and evidence needs for rehabilitation. Cochrane Rehabilitation has collaborated with WHO on evidence support for rehabilitation issues for several years, including as part of Rehabilitation 2030 and in leading Cochrane’s involvement in the new World Rehabilitation Alliance.

Negrini explained, “The WHA resolution follows WHO’s launch of “Rehabilitation 2030: a call for action”, the production of a Package of Interventions for Rehabilitation, and the launch of the World Rehabilitation Alliance to advocate for the field. During the WHA side event, promoted by the delegations of several countries and co-organised with partners in the field, Cochrane, through Cochrane Rehabilitation, has been given a specific place on the panel discussion due to our strong collaboration with the WHO Rehabilitation Programme over the years.”

Overall, the side event offers a valuable opportunity for Cochrane to stand in solidarity with others in the rehabilitation field to urge decision-makers to prioritize the provision of evidence-informed services for all. Recent estimates suggest that over 2.4 billion people worldwide live with health conditions that could benefit from rehabilitation, yet more than half of the global population lack access to these services, particularly in lower-income or fragile settings.

• Register for  "Strengthening rehabilitation in health systems - Responding to the new WHA Resolution" by 18 May
• Visit the Cochrane Rehabilitation website

Friday, May 5, 2023

Friday, May 5, 2023

Friday, May 5, 2023

经鼻高流量氧疗为早产儿提供呼吸支持 系统综述问题 对于早产儿，与其他类型的无创呼吸支持相比，出生后不久用于呼吸支持的经鼻高流量疗法（高流量）有哪些好处和坏处？ 什么是呼吸支持以及它是如何治疗的？ 早产儿（在预产期前出生）通常在出生后不久就需要呼吸支持。无创呼吸支持不需要在婴儿的气管中放置呼吸管。无创呼吸支持有多种类型。高流量是其中一种，它通过位于婴儿鼻孔内的两个小插管提供温暖空气和氧气。高流量的替代方案包括持续气道正压通气 (continuous positive airway pressure, CPAP)，即通过较大的插管或面罩持续提供有压力（而不是流量）的氧气，以及经鼻间歇正压通气 (nasal intermittent positive pressure ventilation, NIPPV)，即除了CPAP外，偶尔还提供较高压力的氧气。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了医学数据库中设计良好的研究，这些研究评估了早产儿使用高流量呼吸支持与其他无创呼吸支持相比的益处和伤害。 我们发现了什么？ 我们发现了13项研究，其中包括2540名早产儿，这些研究对高流量与其他支持刚出生不久婴儿呼吸的无创方法进行了比较。有9项研究正在等待分类，13项研究正在进行中。所纳入的研究在以下方面存在差异：所比较的治疗方法、所使用的氧气流量、如果高流量氧疗不起作用是否可以使用CPAP，以及对呼吸困难较严重...

对患有复杂的创伤后应激障碍和/或童年遭受虐待的父母进行从怀孕到产后两年的干预 对于经历过创伤相关症状或在童年经历过虐待的父母来说，怀孕期间或出生后两年内的支持是否可以提高养育能力或幸福感？ 关键信息 大多数证据表明养育和心理干预对父母的心理健康和养育能力影响很小或没有影响，或者其证据质量低因此结果的质量无法确定。 与常规治疗相比，育儿干预可能会稍微改善母亲与孩子之间的关系。 与加强常规治疗相比，一种心理干预可能会帮助更多的母亲在怀孕期间戒烟。还有一种心理干预可能会稍微有益于父母的关系，另一种可能会稍微提高养育技能。 针对有复杂PTSD（创伤后应激障碍）或经历过儿童虐待的父母的干预措施 童年时期的虐待可能会导致成年后出现复杂的创伤后应激障碍（complex post-traumatic stress disorder, CPTSD）以及人际关系问题。经历过童年虐待的人也更有可能经历其他生活逆境和健康不平等。这些问题可能会影响养育子女并导致创伤的“代际传播”。 对遭受儿童虐待的父母的支持类型纳入心理治疗、育儿干预、身心和生物医学方法、药物治疗和服务系统方法。 我们想研究什么？ 我们想了解哪些干预能有助于提高经历过儿童虐待或 CPTSD 症状的父母的养育能力和幸福感。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了文献，探讨这些干预措施与常规的围产期支持相比在提高父母的育儿技能和幸福感方面效果如何。我们比...