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敷料、药膏或油能帮助预防压疮吗?

6 months ago
敷料、药膏或油能帮助预防压疮吗? 关键信息 我们发现的极低质量的证据意味着我们不知道敷料或外用药物(包括各种乳霜、洗剂和油)是否会对高危人群中出现的压疮数量产生任何影响。 什么是压疮? 压疮,也称为压力损伤、褥疮或压疮,是由于身体骨骼区域长期受到压力而导致其下的皮肤或组织受伤而发生的。它们在老年人和行动不便的人群中很常见。治疗起来很困难,而且费用昂贵。 如何预防压疮? 预防压疮的方法纳入:躺着或坐着时移动或改变姿势;使用正确的表面类型躺着或坐在上面;摄入充足的营养食物和液体。最近,人们也使用各种敷料和药膏来预防压疮的发生。 我们想知道什么? 我们想知道特定的敷料或药膏是否能有效预防高危人群的压疮。此外,我们还旨在评估使用这些敷料和药膏时的疼痛、生活质量和治疗费用等因素。 我们做了什么? 我们从 2018 年开始更新本综述,现在其中纳入51 项研究。该研究涉及 13,303 名高危人群。该研究测试了脂肪酸、乳霜和由不同材料制成的敷料等产品。 我们发现了什么? 由于我们所研究的方法不充分,我们无法确定敷料或药膏是否能有效预防压疮或预防不良影响。因此,我们对这些结果的信心仍然有限。 主要结果 我们进行了总共20项与敷料和乳膏相关的不同比较。这意味着我们研究了不同类型的敷料和药膏在不同情况下如何预防压疮。我们纳入的研究中的证据存在很大的不确定性。因此,我们不知道本综述中涉及的敷料或药膏是...

预防心脏手术后伤口感染的措施

6 months 1 week ago
预防心脏手术后伤口感染的措施 关键信息 - 支持减少成人心脏手术中手术部位感染的干预措施的证据总体质量不高。这些研究对伤口感染的定义各不相同,因此很难对它们进行比较。 - 在实施干预措施以减少接受心脏手术的成人患者的手术部位感染方面存在着巨大的知识差距。 什么是手术部位感染? 美国疾病控制与预防中心将手术部位感染(Surgical Site Infection, SSI)或伤口感染定义为 “手术后发生在手术部位的感染”。SSI可以是仅涉及皮肤的表皮感染,也可以是影响皮下组织、器官和/或植入材料的深层感染。 心脏手术后的 SSI 会对患者的身心健康及其照顾者和亲属的生活产生重大影响。有许多不同的干预措施被用于减少伤口感染,但这些策略因外科医生、医院和国家而异。我们认为这可能是因为目前还没有国家或国际规定的心脏手术协议或指南。这也可以解释为什么英国各家医院的伤口感染率各不相同,每 100 人中就有1到9人在心脏手术后受到感染。 我们想了解什么? 我们希望找出减少心脏手术后 SSI 的最佳干预措施。我们计划评估术前、术中和术后干预措施对预防心脏手术后 SSI 的有效性(首要结局),以及这些干预措施对并发症、死亡和资源使用的影响(次要结局)。 我们做了什么? 我们检索了对接受心脏手术(心脏或大血管手术)的成年患者( > 18 岁)进行干预以减少或预防 SSI 的研究(随机对照临床试...

对于癌症患者来说,阻力训练是治疗疲劳的有效方法吗?

6 months 1 week ago
对于癌症患者来说,阻力训练是治疗疲劳的有效方法吗? 关键信息 - 癌症治疗期间的阻力训练有可能改善疲劳和生活质量。 - 癌症治疗后的阻力训练可能会稍微改善生活质量。 - 更多的研究有助于了解癌症治疗前阻力训练的效果。 什么是癌症相关性疲劳? 癌症相关疲劳是一种持续很长时间的极度疲倦的感觉。它可能来自癌症或癌症治疗,或两者兼而有之。癌症相关的疲劳会影响身体和情绪,并使得正常活动变得困难。这种感觉比单纯的疲倦更加强烈,而且不会因为休息而消失。 什么是阻力训练?它有什么作用? 阻力训练是一种让您的肌肉对抗某种力量(例如哑铃、器械、阻力带或您自己的体重)的运动。阻力训练会影响许多与癌症相关疲劳有关的因素。例如,它可以使你的肌肉更加强健,防止肌肉流失,并改善你的情绪、睡眠和健康。因此,阻力训练可能有助于改善癌症相关的疲劳。 我们想要了解什么? 我们想了解阻力训练是否能改善癌症相关的疲劳。我们从短期(长达12 周之内)、中期(12 周以上至 6 个月以内)和长期(6 个月或更长)方面,考察了在训练结束后对疲劳的积极效果是否会持续。我们还研究了生活质量、不良或有害事件、抑郁和焦虑。 我们做了什么? 我们检索了对被诊断患有癌症的人进行阻力训练和不进行训练的比较研究。人们可以进行任何类型的阻力训练,无论是在癌症治疗之前、期间还是之后。我们总结了这些研究结果。我们通过考察研究方法和研究样本量等方面来...

Cochrane seeks Consumer Support Officer (Remote/Flexible)

6 months 1 week ago

Title: Consumer Support Officer
Specifications: Fixed term contract (12 months) – Part time 0.6 FTE (22.5 hours)
Salary: £35,000 (pro-rata) per annum
Location: Remote working (UK office located in Central London)
Closing date: 11 December 2024
             
Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into four directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, and Finance and Corporate Services.

The Consumer Support Officer will work closely with Cochrane’s Consumer Engagement Manager to support the involvement of consumers (patients, carers and the public) in the Welcome-funded GALENOS project, including in systematic reviews about mental health topics. Support of consumers in this work will involve connecting consumers with lived experience of mental health challenges to researchers, developing learning resources to support consumer involvement in systematic reviews, and generally promoting patient and public involvement in the systematic review space.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organisation is built on four core values:

Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally.

Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format.

Integrity: Independent and transparent.

Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.

 

You can expect:

  • An opportunity to truly impact health globally.
  •   A flexible work environment
  • A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
  •  An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

 

How to apply

  •  For further information on the role and click “how to apply”.
  • The deadline to receive your application is 11 December, 2024.
  • The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples.
  • Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

 

 

Wednesday, November 27, 2024 Category: Jobs
Mia Parkinson

Cochrane seeks Business Development Manager (Remote/Flexible)

6 months 1 week ago

Title: Business Development Manager
Specifications: Permanent – Full time
Salary: £45,000 per annum
Location: Remote working (UK office located in Central London)
Closing date:  3 January 2025

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane has ambitious plans to raise funds to support our work to address the world’s most pressing health challenges. This role will work closely with the Head of Business Development to implement a strategic fundraising plan to make those ambitions a reality. 

We are seeking a self-starter; an experienced and energetic fundraiser with a proven track-record of successfully securing five and six figure gifts from a wide range of donors. You have experience of fundraising from global high-value trusts and foundations, as well as from government or multilateral donors (e.g. the European Union).   

You are an experienced donor account manager with excellent communication skills. You will promote best practice within your field of expertise and will work to ensure the highest quality and levels of efficiency. You are aligned with Cochrane’s core mission and vision, and you will be comfortable brokering relationships with representatives from key donors. 

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organisation is built on four core values:

Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally.

Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format.

Integrity: Independent and transparent.

Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.

You can expect:

  • An opportunity to truly impact health globally.
  •   A flexible work environment
  • A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
  •  An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

  •  For further information on the role and click “how to apply”.
  • The deadline to receive your application is 3 January, 2025.
  • The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples.
  • Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

 

 

Wednesday, November 27, 2024 Category: Jobs
Mia Parkinson

临床试验需要多长时间才能发表结果?

6 months 1 week ago
临床试验需要多长时间才能发表结果? 本综述探讨了哪些问题? 有多少用于检验健康干预措施的临床试验(研究)发表在期刊上,这些试验需要多长时间才能被发表?出版率和出版时间是否受试验结果的性质、受试者和研究中心的数量或试验资金来源的影响? 关键信息 近一半(47%)的临床试验尚未发表。 试验是否发表以及需要多长时间取决于是否有阳性结果、试验规模有多大、是单中心还是多中心,以及资助试验的组织类型。 什么是出版和出版偏倚? 临床试验结果的发布有几个步骤。该过程从进行临床试验开始,然后撰写一份包含试验目的、研究方法和结果的摘要文件(手稿)。稿件被发送给期刊编辑,然后由编辑和同事以及稿件主题方面的专家(但未参与试验)进行检查和评价。如果他们认为稿件正确且合适,就会将其发布在在线或印刷期刊上,供对研究结果感兴趣的人阅读。有时,必须付费订阅才能访问手稿,但通常它是“开放访问”,这意味着免费访问。如果是否出版试验结果的决定受到试验结果的性质的影响(即试验结果是否有利于干预),这就被称为“出版偏倚”。 出版偏倚是一个问题,因为它意味着人们为自己、亲属或患者做出重要健康相关决定时所掌握的信息并不完整,甚至可能具有误导性。例如,如果阴性结果尚未公布,则决策者可能没有意识到干预可能造成的伤害。 试验中的出版偏倚可能会在系统评价中加剧,系统综述收集了有关某一主题的所有证据。这是一个令人担忧的问题,因为医疗保健...

哪种手术方法最适合治疗子宫内膜异位症(在卵巢内生长的类似于子宫内膜的组织块)?

6 months 1 week ago
哪种手术方法最适合治疗子宫内膜异位症(在卵巢内生长的类似于子宫内膜的组织块)? 关键信息 • 对于子宫内膜异位症(在卵巢上生长的类似于子宫内膜的组织沉积物)的手术治疗,切除术(从卵巢上剥离子宫内膜异位症)可能比引流和消融术(用电流或激光破坏子宫内膜异位症)更能改善痛经、性交疼痛、子宫内膜异位症复发的风险以及需要更多手术的风险。 • 未来的研究应该记录不良事件,并调查手术选择是否会影响女性怀孕的机会 什么是子宫内膜异位症? 子宫内膜异位症是指类似于子宫内膜的组织在其他部位生长的一种疾病。它可能会很痛苦,并且对于难以怀孕(受孕)的女性来说很常见。有时,组织在卵巢上生长并形成囊肿(肿块),称为子宫内膜异位症。目前,对于较大且疼痛的子宫内膜异位症,其手术治疗通常包括将其剥离(切除)或用电流或激光将其引流并破坏(消融)。大多数专家认为,执行这两种技术的最佳方式是采用锁孔手术(腹腔镜手术),外科医生进行小切口并使用摄像头查看腹部内部。许多女性在开始生育治疗或提高自然受孕的机会之前接受子宫内膜异位症手术。 我们想知道什么? 我们想知道子宫内膜异位症切除术是否比引流和消融术更能改善: • 痛经; • 性交时疼痛; • 发生不良事件的风险,包括手术并发症以及需要转为开放手术(剖腹手术); • 子宫内膜异位症复发的风险; • 需要更多手术的风险; • 女性自然受孕的机会;以及 • 女性接受生育治疗后...

对于治疗儿童和青少年抑郁症来说,omega-3 PUFA补充剂的疗效是否优于安慰剂?

6 months 2 weeks ago
对于治疗儿童和青少年抑郁症来说,omega-3 PUFA补充剂的疗效是否优于安慰剂? 重要信息 – 由于缺乏稳健的证据,补充 omega-3 PUFA(必须从饮食中获取的重要脂肪)对治疗儿童和青少年抑郁症的益处和不良影响尚不清楚。 – 需要进行更大规模、精心设计的研究,以更好地估计 omega-3 PUFA补充剂对儿童和青少年抑郁症的潜在益处和伤害。 为什么寻找治疗儿童和青少年抑郁症的方法很重要? 抑郁症患者情绪低落或对日常活动失去乐趣或兴趣。 这是一种长期(慢性)疾病,既严重又容易复发(在感觉良好一段时间后可能会复发)。它通常开始于儿童期和青少年期,每 100 名儿童中就有 8 名患有此病。不幸的是,目前对儿童和青少年抑郁症的治疗效果不佳,缓解症状可能很困难。最近的研究表明,omega-3 PUFA补充剂已被证明是治疗成人抑郁症的潜在方法。我们的身体无法制造这些有益的脂肪,但它们天然存在于油性鱼、海洋资源以及某些坚果和种子中。它们也可以以胶囊或液体形式(例如,鱼肝油胶囊)作为每日补充剂。 我们想知道什么? 我们想知道: – omega-3 PUFA补充剂是否能减轻儿童和青少年的抑郁症状; – omega-3 PUFA补充剂是否有助于缓解儿童和青少年抑郁症。 我们还想知道补充 omega-3 PUFA是否会引起任何不良影响。 我们做了什么? 我们检索了将儿童和青少年随机分配到两个...

怀孕期间补钙是否会改善婴儿和母亲的健康(省略高血压研究)

6 months 2 weeks ago
怀孕期间补钙是否会改善婴儿和母亲的健康(省略高血压研究) 关键信息 – 怀孕期间服用高剂量(超过 1000 毫克)的钙补充剂可能会导致怀孕 37 周之前出生的婴儿数量略少。不良影响可能没有显著差异,但我们找到的相关数据较少。 怀孕34周前出生的婴儿数量或出生体重低的婴儿数量似乎没有减少。 这些婴儿的健康因早产而受到更严重的影响。 –母亲在怀孕期间服用钙补充剂对婴儿和母亲的健康的影响可能很小,甚至没有影响。 需要进一步研究来更加确定数据和任何不良影响。 为什么怀孕期间要补充钙剂? 怀孕妇女经常被建议补充额外的钙,但不同的健康专业人士推荐不同剂量。 钙对于胎儿在子宫内的生长发育非常重要。 额外的钙可以改善婴儿的健康,也可能影响母亲自己。额外的钙可能有助于妊娠继续并减少早产(未足月出生,也称为早产)的婴儿数量。然而,也可能会出现不良影响。早产(妊娠不足 37 周(即距离妇女最后一次月经已过去 37 周))的婴儿与预产期出生的婴儿(足月出生)相比有更多的健康问题。对于妊娠不足 34 周出生的婴儿(或出生体重低的婴儿)尤其如此,他们可能会出现严重的健康问题。因此,如果钙补充剂可以减少早产婴儿的数量,这可能会对婴儿的健康产生影响。 我们想知道什么? 我们研究孕妇在妊娠期间补充钙是否能减少早产(未足月)婴儿的数量,或减少低出生体重婴儿(低于 2500 克)的数量。 我们也探讨是否会对婴儿或母亲...

提高强直性肌营养不良患者白天过度嗜睡(嗜睡)警觉性的药物(精神兴奋剂)

6 months 3 weeks ago
提高强直性肌营养不良患者白天过度嗜睡(嗜睡)警觉性的药物(精神兴奋剂) 关键信息 •根据客观睡眠研究评估,提高警觉性的药物(精神兴奋剂)对白天过度嗜睡(嗜睡症)的影响非常不确定。 •根据患者的自我评估,精神兴奋药可能会改善嗜睡症。 •需要更多的研究来观察精神兴奋剂对强直性肌营养不良的短期和长期的有效性和安全性。 强直性肌营养不良症中的嗜睡症是什么? 强直性肌营养不良症是一种遗传性肌营养不良症,导致肌肉无力和萎缩。白天过度嗜睡(嗜睡症)是强直性肌营养不良症患者的常见症状,与呼吸控制问题有关。 强直性肌营养不良症的嗜睡症如何治疗? 精神兴奋剂是能提高警觉性的药物,包括咖啡因、安非他明、司来吉兰、哌甲酯和莫达非尼。 我们想发现什么? 我们想了解精神兴奋剂在治疗强直性肌营养不良症的嗜睡方面是否比安慰剂(虚拟治疗)或不治疗更好。 我们做了什么? 我们检索了针对患有强直性肌营养不良和嗜睡症的儿童和成人使用精神兴奋剂与使用安慰剂或不治疗进行比较的研究。我们比较并总结了研究结果,并根据研究方法和规模等因素对证据质量进行了评价。 我们发现了什么? 我们发现了六项评估精神兴奋剂治疗强直性肌营养不良的有效性和安全性的研究。精神兴奋剂对客观睡眠研究评估的嗜睡症的影响以及对生活质量的影响还很不确定。精神兴奋剂可能会改善患者自我评估的嗜睡症,但也可能增加出现不良反应的风险。需要进一步研究精神兴奋剂治疗强直性...

Cochrane Methods: Leading innovation in evidence synthesis

6 months 3 weeks ago

Cochrane has, for over 30 years, built a reputation for producing high-quality evidence syntheses that inform healthcare decisions worldwide. Cochrane reviews are recognized as one of the world’s most trusted sources of evidence, making them essential resources for healthcare professionals, policymakers, researchers, as well as patients and carers. 

A cornerstone of Cochrane’s work is its rigorous methodological approach. The methods employed by Cochrane are designed to ensure that the evidence synthesized is transparently and rigorously appraised. By defining and following best practices in evidence synthesis, Cochrane ensures its reviews not only meet high quality standards but also provide actionable insights for improving healthcare outcomes.  

At the center of this are Cochrane Methods, which play an essential role in guiding the production of these high-quality systematic reviews. The established clear standards and comprehensive guidelines that authors follow ensure thorough and transparent evidence synthesis. Cochrane’s educational resources, including the Cochrane Methodology Handbooks, webinars, and tutorials, also equip researchers and practitioners with the tools to apply these methods effectively.  

"Within Cochrane’s methods community, we are constantly learning from each other. From our Methods Groups who research and define best practice, to teams involved in implementation, and the commitment of authors and editors in adhering to the standards, everyone brings something valuable to the table. The community Cochrane has built is one of collaboration and shared knowledge, and with the commitment to innovate in methods in Cochrane’s new Scientific Strategy, we are excited to see what comes next."

-  Ella Flemyng, Head of Editorial Policy and Research Integrity

To support and strengthen these efforts, Cochrane draws on the expertise of the Cochrane Methods Network, which consists of 18 specialized Methods Groups. Each group focuses on a specific method or review type relevant to Cochrane reviews. They are involved in methods research, defining best practice and supporting implementation in Cochrane.   

“My favourite thing about Cochrane is the opportunity to collaborate with folks from across the globe with a shared purpose of advancing systematic review methods to improve patient care.”

- Tahira Devji, Patient-Reported Outcomes Methods Group

Cochrane's Scientific Strategy 2025–2030 underscores the commitment to methodological innovation in evidence synthesis. Areas of key focus include methods adaptation as we diversify our reviews and included evidence, living evidence, and the potential integration of artificial intelligence (AI) into evidence synthesis processes.  

As the pace of new research accelerates, keeping systematic reviews up-to-date with the latest evidence has become increasingly vital. Cochrane is at the forefront of this evolution with our leadership in living systematic reviews —a dynamic approach that ensures evidence remains current and relevant. This innovation aligns closely with the Wellcome Trust's recent announcement of a £45 million investment to accelerate "living evidence synthesis" and emphasizes our commitment to providing the most current, reliable evidence to inform healthcare decisions. By keeping evidence up to date, healthcare professionals and policymakers can make informed decisions based on the most relevant and timely information. Cochrane’s focus on living evidence not only enhances the impact of our work but also shows our proactive response to the changing needs of modern healthcare. 

A key element in pioneering evidence synthesis methodology is the integration of AI.  By automating time-consuming tasks such as data extraction, analysis, and even the synthesis of findings, AI could help streamline the review process, allowing researchers to focus on interpreting results and making informed recommendations. AI tools could help make the synthesis of large datasets more efficient, ensuring that healthcare professionals have access to comprehensive, timely evidence.  However, these advancements also emphasize the importance of maintaining ethical standards and ensuring that AI applications in evidence synthesis remain transparent and accountable. To ensure the responsible use of AI, Cochrane is collaborating with other evidence synthesis organizations and actively engaging with stakeholders and the research community to establish best practices

Looking ahead, Cochrane’s focus on continuous improvement, collaboration, and methodological excellence will remain key to its mission of improving health outcomes worldwide. 

Join us on Instagram, LinkedIn, and X as we celebrate Cochrane Methods Week, 18-22 November 2024! This week is dedicated to showcasing the robust methodologies that underpin Cochrane’s trusted evidence and exploring innovations shaping the future of evidence synthesis. Participate by following our accounts and using the hashtag #CochraneMethods to join the conversation and ask questions

  • Monday 18 Nov - Cochrane Methods Groups Discover the areas of expertise within Cochrane Methods Groups and their vital contributions to evidence synthesis methods.
  • Tuesday 19 Nov - Resources and Training Explore Cochrane’s wide range of resources and training opportunities.
  • Wednesday 20 Nov - Cochrane Handbooks Learn how Cochrane Handbooks uphold methodological rigour and guide the production of high-quality evidence.
  • Thursday 21 Nov - Interactive Day Let's pause for some fun! Engage with quizzes, polls, and other fun activities to test your knowledge of Cochrane Methods.
  • Friday 22 November - Looking Ahead Explore how Cochrane continues to innovate methodology and find out how you can get involved in Cochrane’s methodological work and the publishing process.
Monday, November 18, 2024
Muriah Umoquit

在第二产程期间会阴注射透明质酸酶可以减少分娩女性的生殖器损伤吗?

6 months 3 weeks ago
在第二产程期间会阴注射透明质酸酶可以减少分娩女性的生殖器损伤吗? 关键信息 对于处于第二产程的妇女,与不进行干预相比,向会阴区(生殖器的一部分)注射一种称为透明质酸酶 (hyaluronidase, HAase) 的物质可以降低会阴损伤的风险(即意外撕裂或被称为会阴切开术的刻意的手术切口-或两者兼有)。将HAase注射与安慰剂(假的)注射进行比较时可能没有差异。 与注射安慰剂对比,第二产程期间会阴注射 HAase可能会减轻阴道分娩24小时后会阴部位肿胀。 需要更多高质量的研究来充分评估会阴HAase注射在阴道分娩中的作用。 什么是阴道分娩时的会阴创伤? 会阴由围绕泌尿生殖道和肛门周围的组织组成。会阴创伤是该​​区域的损伤,可能在正常分娩婴儿过程中(阴道分娩)自发发生(撕裂)或通过手术(称为会阴切开术)发生。阴道分娩后的会阴创伤很常见,可能与短期和长期的健康问题有关。根据会阴创伤的严重程度和受影响面积的大小,会阴创伤可分为一度、二度、三度或四度。 为什么评估减少阴道分娩期间会阴创伤的潜在技术很重要? 会阴创伤可能导致产后立即或长期出现严重的身体和心理问题,包括出血、伤口感染、肛门括约肌撕裂、排尿困难、肛门失禁、肛提肌损伤和性问题。严重的会阴创伤可通过会阴按摩和热敷来避免,但目前仍没有有效的措施来减少一度和二度会阴创伤,而这似乎在阴道分娩会阴创伤中占据了大多数。 我们想要研究什么? ...

氟化二胺银是预防和治疗儿童和成人蛀牙的有效方法吗?

7 months ago
氟化二胺银是预防和治疗儿童和成人蛀牙的有效方法吗? 关键信息 - 我们无法判断氟化二胺银(silver diamine fluoride, SDF)在预防或治疗蛀牙方面是否比不治疗更好。 - 我们无法判断SDF在预防或治疗蛀牙方面是否比其他治疗方法更好或更差。 - 新的研究有助于了解SDF的不良反应、人们是否担心SDF造成的牙齿染色以及最佳治疗方法。 什么是蛀牙? 当口腔中的细菌分解食物中的糖分并产生损伤牙釉质(坚硬表面)的酸时,就会发生蛀牙。这可能会导致牙齿出现洞或蛀牙。蛀牙会影响乳牙的牙冠(牙龈上方的部分)以及恒牙的牙冠和牙根。如果不预防或治疗,它会导致牙痛、感染和牙齿脱落。 如何治疗蛀牙? 治疗蛀牙的方法包括纳入液体、凝胶(清漆)和密封剂。这些治疗剂涂在牙齿上以防止细菌。治疗可能还纳入填充较大的蛀牙。SDF是一种低成本的液体,可以由牙医或其他受过培训的人员涂在牙齿上。它适合所有年龄段的人群,包括有特殊健康需求的人群。然而,SDF会使经过治疗的牙齿表面永久地染成黑色或深棕色。 我们想要了解什么? 我们想知道: - SDF在预防新蛀牙、阻止现有蛀牙或防止蛀牙恶化方面是否比不治疗或其他治疗更好; - SDF使用不同次数、溶液强度或持续时间是否有好处; - SDF是否引起了不良反应、牙痛,或者人们是否担心染色。 我们做了什么? 我们检索了将SDF与无治疗或安慰剂(假治疗)、其他治疗...