Wednesday, May 22, 2024

静脉注射免疫球蛋白对慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病是安全且有效的吗? 关键信息 •与假治疗相比，静脉注射免疫球蛋白（Intravenous immunoglobulin, IVIg）至少可以使残疾情况改善2至6周。 •在此期间，IVIg可能与血浆交换和类固醇同样有效。 •一项研究表明，IVIg的效果持续了六个月，但需要更多的研究来了解这种疗效是否会持续更长时间，以及长期的副作用是什么。 什么是慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病？ 慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病（Chronic inflammatory demyelinating polyradiculoneuropathy, CIDP）是一种神经发炎导致瘫痪的疾病。成因可能是身体攻击自己的神经系统。 慢性炎性脱髓鞘性多发性神经根神经病如何治疗？ CIDP通常需要长期治疗以防止残疾情况加重。关于最好的治疗方法有很多争论。一种选择是一种叫做免疫球蛋白的药物，它是一种将捐献者血液中抗体纯化后形成的产物，通过静脉滴注给药。已知类固醇药物和血浆置换（一种去除和替换血液中血浆成分的处置过程）是有效的。 我们想要研究什么？ 我们想知道免疫球蛋白在改善CIDP患者的残疾方面是否优于安慰剂（假治疗）、血浆置换或类固醇。我们还想知道免疫球蛋白是否对这一人群有不良影响。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了在CIDP患者中比较了免疫球蛋白与安慰剂、血浆...

Cochrane's strength lies in its collaborative, global community. Cochrane Geographic Groups represent Cochrane in their host country, advocate for the use of Cochrane evidence in health policy and practice, and support Cochrane's members and supporters who live there. Here we spotlight the impact of Cochrane Japan, who are dedicated to enhancing Japanese healthcare through evidence-based decision-making.

Since 2012 various Cochrane activities happened in Japan but it wasn't until 2014 that a branch in Tokyo was established with an official Cochrane Japan being established in 2017. Today with over 200 members, Cochrane Japan is committed to producing accurate, up-to-date Cochrane reviews and providing support and training to new authors.

Japan holds over four training workshops annually for new authors of Cochrane systematic reviews,  healthcare professionals, and researchers, covering interventions and diagnostic accuracy tests.  "Cochrane Japan workshops bring globally recognized methodology expertise to an accessible platform for future Cochrane authors. These sessions are crucial for fostering evidence-based practice in Japan," says Norio Watanabe, Director of Cochrane Japan. Cochrane Japan collaborates with Cochrane geographic groups in East Asia through the East Asia Cochrane Alliance (EACA), hosting meetings and training workshops. These collaborations enhance the impact of their work by fostering regional cooperation and knowledge sharing.

The group's translation efforts significantly impact healthcare practices and policies in Japan, ensuring that medical professionals and the general population have access to high-quality, evidence-based information.  Cochrane Japan translates and publishes more than 200 plain language summaries of Cochrane reviews in Japanese each year.  There are more than 2900 translations of Cochrane evidence freely available for anyone to search and read. "Distributing plain language summaries in Japanese helps bridge the gap between complex research and everyday healthcare decisions. It's important that people have the latest health evidence in the language they can most easily understand," says Watanabe.

Looking ahead, Cochrane Japan plans to offer free access to RevMan Web for all its members, encouraging more systematic reviews under Cochrane methodology. The group also seeks enthusiastic volunteers for translating plain language summaries and prospective authors for Cochrane reviews. "We welcome anyone in Japan who is passionate about evidence-based healthcare to join us in our mission," Watanabe adds.

• Visit the Cochrane Japan website
• Follow Cochrane Japan on X
  
• Follow Cochrane Japan on Facebook
• Search and view Cochrane evidence in Japanese 
• Find a Cochrane Geographic Group in your country

Wednesday, May 29, 2024

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. Cochrane Geographic Groups represent Cochrane in their host country, advocate for the use of Cochrane evidence in health policy and practice, and support Cochrane's members and supporters who live there.  Here we focus on the impact of an affiliate centre of the  Cochrane US Network, at Tufts University in Massachusetts, USA.

The US Network promotes evidence-based decision-making in healthcare and public health across the country. It raises awareness of Cochrane and its evidence, supports the production of high-quality systematic reviews, and disseminates these reviews strategically. The network also promotes the use of Cochrane evidence among patients, caregivers, clinicians, health systems, guideline developers, and policymakers.

Comprising some of the nation’s leading institutions in evidence-based medicine and public health, the US Network includes 15 affiliate institutions. Each affiliate institution has its own function and specific areas of expertise and focus. The Tufts University School of Medicine is a leader in public health, nutrition, maternal health, and health equity programs. In 2021 they joined Cochrane Us as an affiliate centre to help build capacity and a critical mass of Cochrane-trained systematic reviews in the United States.   

"Every healthcare and public health decision should be based on the best available evidence. At Tufts University School of Medicine, we are proud to train future clinicians, researchers, and policymakers in Cochrane methods and increase their awareness of Cochrane systematic reviews," says Dr Shayesteh Jahanfar, Director of Tufts University, Affiliate of Cochrane US
Associate Professor, Public Health and Community Medicine.

Founded in May 2021, Cochrane US at Tufts strategic plan includes awareness campaigns, systematic review training, and collaboration with institutions such as the World Health Organization, Indiana University, and Ohio State University. 

The Tufts team frequently hosts author training seminars both domestically and internationally. The Tufts Systematic Review Course, accredited by CEPH, provides medical professionals and postgraduate students with essential training in performing high-quality systematic reviews. Recent training sessions include Cochrane Author training for nutritionists at Rutgers University and training at the International Conference of Twinning. The Tufts team is also active in the Cochrane US Mentorship Program, helping early career professionals and students enhance their skills in evidence-based healthcare.

Collaborations with other Cochrane groups and external organizations amplify the impact of Cochrane US at Tufts. They have worked with the International Twin Register to offer cross-border training, supported Rutgers School of Nursing in submitting Cochrane protocols, and collaborated with Indiana University on systematic reviews and stakeholder training. Notable projects include a scoping review of surgical safety checklists for cesarean sections in collaboration with WHO. Key collaborative efforts include the Institute for Clinical Research and Health Policy Studies and the Tufts Clinical and Translational Science Institute. "Collaborating with others is key to expanding the reach and impact of our work," says Sowmyashree Hanumantha, Cochrane Fellow.

Looking ahead, Tufts is excited about several upcoming projects. By June 2024, they aim to support the Eastern Mediterranean Regional Network of Institutions for Evidence and Data to Policy (NEDtP). They are continuing systematic review training with Western University in Ontario, Canada, and have applied for a Mary Y. Lee CSL Faculty Mini-Grant for a project on building systematic review capacity among high school teachers. Other priorities include securing seed money from the Tisch College Community Research Center, exploring AI applications for juvenile health, and participating in the Cochrane Global Evidence Summit with submitted abstracts.

Cochrane US at Tufts welcomes collaboration and support from individuals and organizations passionate about improving healthcare. They seek funding opportunities to extend their impact and continue enhancing healthcare practices and policies through rigorous research synthesis and evidence dissemination. "As we look to the future, our goal remains steadfast: to enhance healthcare through evidence-based decision-making and collaboration. We invite all those passionate about this mission to join us," concludes Michael Johannesmeyer, Cochrane Fellow. 

• Visit the Cochrane US Website
• Contact Cochrane US at Tufts: shayesteh.jahanfar@tufts.edu (Director),  sowmyashree.hanumantha_setty@tufts.edu (Cochrane Fellow), michael.johannesmeyer@tufts.edu (Cochrane Fellow). 
• Find a Cochrane Geographic Group in your country

Wednesday, May 22, 2024

Tuesday, May 21, 2024

SGLT2 抑制剂治疗能否预防慢性肾脏病和糖尿病患者的并发症？ 关键信息 ‐ 使用钠－葡萄糖协同转运蛋白 2 (SGLT2) 抑制剂治疗可降低慢性肾脏病和糖尿病患者的死亡和肾脏问题风险。 ‐ 我们不确定 SGLT2 抑制剂是否比其他糖尿病药物更好，因为没有足够的临床研究直接比较它们在临床研究中的情况。 慢性肾脏病和糖尿病 糖尿病是一种常见疾病，由降低的胰岛素活性（控制血液中葡萄糖水平的荷尔蒙）和增加胰岛素阻抗所引起。糖尿病会降低与健康相关的生活品质，并导致心脏病、中风、截肢、死亡和早年抑郁，尤其是患有慢性肾脏病的人。SGLT2 抑制剂药物现在用于治疗慢性肾脏病和糖尿病患者。新的研究不断涌现，将这些试验结果综合在一起对于了解这些药物在与其他治疗方法比较时是否安全和有效至关重要。 我们想了解什么？ 我们想了解 SGLT2 抑制剂药物是否可以预防同时患有慢性肾脏病（肾功能下降）和糖尿病的成人及儿童的糖尿病相关问题。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了所有随机分配 SGLT2 抑制剂给慢性肾脏病和糖尿病患者并评估其益处和伤害的试验。我们比较并总结这些试验的结果，同时根据研究方法与规模等因素，来评估我们对于证据的可信度。 我们发现了什么？ 我们纳入 53 项临床研究，涉及 65,241 名患有慢性肾脏病和糖尿病的成年人。研究中的受试者接受 SGLT2 抑制剂、糖丸（安慰剂）、单独标准护理或不同的糖...

Monday, May 20, 2024

Monday, May 20, 2024

Monday, May 20, 2024

Specifications: Permanent – Full time
Salary: £27,500 per annum
Location: Remote/London (one day per week in London office)
Closing date:  07 June 2024

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into five directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development, Chief Executive Office and Finance and Corporate Services.

Cochrane is looking for a Communications and Events Assistant to support the team with a focus on media monitoring, social media and events.  This is a new role within the Communications team and will support colleagues across the team. This is a broad, entry-level role suitable for someone with an interest in science communication and events. The role will involve creating and posting content for internal and external communications, overseeing media monitoring and providing support for our flagship events.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values:

Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally.
Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format.
Integrity: Independent and transparent.
Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.

You can expect:

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally.
• A flexible work environment
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences.
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences.

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations, and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and click “how to apply”.
• The deadline to receive your application is 07 June 2024.
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples.
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Friday, May 17, 2024 Category: Jobs

Friday, May 17, 2024

耳塞适合性检验结合提供正确佩戴耳塞的培训能帮助在嘈杂环境中工作的人吗？ 关键信息 • 进行耳塞适合性检验并提供正确佩戴耳塞的宽泛培训可能不会提高耳塞的降噪效果。 • 相比不提供培训或仅提供宽泛培训，进行耳塞适合性检验并提供个性化培训可能会提高耳塞的降噪效果。 嘈杂的工作环境会造成哪些问题？ 嘈杂的工作环境与严重的健康疾病有关，包括听力损失和耳鸣（外界无相应的声音来源的情况下耳内出现响声或嗡嗡声）、受伤和心血管问题。护听器（Hearing protection devices,HPDs），如耳塞和耳罩，通常用于减少人们在工作中的噪声暴露。尤其是耳塞，众所周知，许多工人都很难将耳塞正确地插入耳道。不适合的耳塞不能充分保护人的听力。 什么是护听器适合性检验系统？ 护听器适合性检验系统是一项技术，用于测量耳塞或其他护听器降低（衰减）使用者噪声暴露的程度。 我们想要了解什么？ 我们想了解开展护听器适合性检验并提供正确佩戴耳塞（或其他护听器）的培训能否有效降低工人的噪声暴露水平，以及能否促进他们持续佩戴耳塞。我们还想了解工人的年龄、性别、耳塞类型和护听器使用经验是否影响适合性检验和培训的效果。 我们发现什么？ 我们发现3项研究，共涉及756名受试者。他们调查了测量护听器减少噪声程度的适合性检验结合给人们提供正确佩戴护听器（所有研究均使用泡棉耳塞和预成型耳塞）的宽泛或个性化培训的效果。我们没有...

Title: Senior Managing Editor
Specifications: Permanent Fulltime
Salary: £52,000 per annum
Location: UK – Remote/Flexible
Closing date: 28 May 2024

Cochrane is an international charity. For 30 years we have responded to the challenge of making vast amounts of research evidence useful for informing decisions about health. We do this by synthesising research findings and our work has been recognised as the international gold standard for high quality, trusted information.

Cochrane's strength is in its collaborative, global community. We have 110,000+ members and supporters around the world. Though we are spread out across the globe, our shared passion for health evidence unites us. Our Central Executive Team supports this work and is divided into five directorates: Evidence Production and Methods, Publishing and Technology, Development,  Chief Executive Office and Finance and Corporate Services.

Reporting to the Executive Editor and working with members of the Editorial Production and Methods Directorate, the role holder will need to have good awareness of Cochrane guidance for different types of standard and complex systematic reviews (intervention, qualitative, diagnostic test accuracy, prognosis, rapid and overview), plan how they will need to be handled in their team, and work to ensure that deadlines are met. The role holder will also be required to ensure that pilots aimed at innovating the editorial process can be supported as needed.

Don’t have every single qualification? We know that some people are less likely to apply for a job unless they are a perfect match. At Cochrane, we’re not looking for “perfect matches.” We’re looking to welcome people to our diverse, inclusive, and passionate workplace. So, if you’re excited about this role but don’t have every single qualification, we encourage you to apply anyway. Whether it’s this role or another one, you may be just the right candidate.

Our organization is built on four core values: Collaboration: Underpins everything we do, locally and globally. Relevant: The right evidence at the right time in the right format. Integrity: Independent and transparent. Quality: Reviewing and improving what we do, maintaining rigour and trust.

You can expect:

• An opportunity to truly impact health globally
• A flexible work environment
• A comprehensive onboarding experiences
• An environment where people feel welcome, heard, and included, regardless of their differences

Cochrane welcomes applications from a wide range of perspectives, experiences, locations and backgrounds; diversity, equity and inclusion are key to our values.

How to apply

• For further information on the role and how to apply, please click here
• The deadline to receive your application is 28 May 2024
• The supporting statement should indicate why you are applying for the post, and how far you meet the requirements, using specific examples.
• Read our Recruitment Privacy Statement

Tuesday, May 14, 2024 Category: Jobs

口服维生素A补充剂预防七岁以下儿童急性上呼吸道感染 研究背景 急性上呼吸道感染（upper respiratory tract infections, URTI）是儿童，尤其是学龄前儿童最常见的急性传染病。维生素A对免疫系统有积极作用，可提高宿主对感染的防御能力。研究表明，缺乏维生素的儿童更容易患呼吸道感染。因此，我们对补充维生素A在预防学龄前儿童（7 岁以下）急性上呼吸道感染中的作用进行了评估。 系统综述问题 与不补充维生素A相比，补充维生素A对预防学龄前儿童（7 岁以下）急性上呼吸道感染有何作用？ 文献检索日期 我们检索了截至2023年6月8日的证据。 研究特征 所有纳入的研究均在中低收入国家进行（印度2项、南非2项、厄瓜多尔1项、海地1项）。三项研究纳入了没有维生素A缺乏症的健康儿童，一项研究纳入了感染HIV的妇女所生的儿童，一项研究纳入了低出生体重新生儿，一项研究纳入了更有可能出现营养不良和干眼症的地区的儿童。在两项研究中，维生素E是维生素A的辅助治疗。 主要研究结果 我们纳入了六项研究，涉及27351名受试者。研究提供的证据可信度极低。 五项研究报告了一段时间内急性上呼吸道感染的数量。纳入的研究因人群而异，结果的呈现形式也不尽相同，因此我们只能将三项研究合并在一起（meta分析）。我们无法确定维生素A补充剂是否能降低两周内急性上呼吸道感染的发病率（三项研究，22668名...

Friday, May 10, 2024

Friday, May 10, 2024

为有早产风险的妇女提供硫酸镁比安慰剂更能保护婴儿的大脑吗？ 关键信息 与安慰剂相比，为有早产风险的妇女提供硫酸镁以保护婴儿大脑，可减少婴儿两岁前出现脑瘫的以及死亡或脑瘫的综合结局。 该领域的未来研究应重点关注治疗效果： •对儿童进入青少年时期和成年时期后；以及 •针对不同组别有早产风险的女性，采用不同的硫酸镁给药方式 硫酸镁是什么？ 硫酸镁是世界各地用于治疗妊娠期各种并发症的常用药物。 为什么这对有早产风险的女性及其婴儿很重要？ 早产婴儿（怀孕37周前出生）出现并发症的风险更高，包括死亡和残疾，如脑瘫。近年来，硫酸镁已被应用于可能早产的孕妇（由于自发性早产，或因医学指征计划提前引产或剖腹产）以帮助保护婴儿的大脑和预防这些并发症。 我们想发现什么？ 我们想知道硫酸镁在保护早产儿大脑方面是否优于安慰剂（一种不包含任何有效药物，但看起来与测试药物相同的“假”治疗）。 我们感兴趣的是硫酸镁对重要结局的影响，包括：死亡（婴儿死亡或儿童死亡）、脑瘫或主要“神经发育障碍”（可能包括脑瘫、失明、失聪或全面认知或智力障碍等严重结局）。我们还关注对妇女重要结局的影响，包括硫酸镁的严重并发症（死亡、呼吸或心跳骤停）以及因副作用而停止治疗。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了有关硫酸镁与安慰剂或无治疗相比，是否会给妇女及其早产儿带来益处或伤害的研究。我们对结果进行了比较和总结，并根据研究方法和规模的因素对证据的...

共同决策是否有助于女性做出是否参加乳腺癌筛查的决定？ 关键信息 共同决策可以帮助女性减少不确定感或遗憾感，并有助于在乳腺癌筛查决策过程中学习。然而，需要注意的是，我们对共同决策如何影响女性的筛查决策还没有完全了解。 什么是共同决策？ 共同决策是指医生和患者一起选择最佳的治疗方案。他们会讨论不同的选择、利弊以及对患者而言最重要的事情。他们使用小册子或在线指南（决策辅助工具）等工具提供清晰的信息，并共同做出决定。 为什么共同决策对乳腺癌筛查很重要？ 乳腺癌筛查有助于挽救生命和减少治疗期间的健康问题。然而，有时它可能会给出错误的结果或导致过多的治疗。当女性和医生共同做出选择时，他们可以做出符合女性价值观的明智决定。 我们想了解什么？ 我们想知道，共同决策能否帮助妇女在决定是否参加乳腺癌筛查时感到更满意、更自信、更有知识。 我们做了什么? 我们纳入了有关共同决策如何影响女性做出乳腺癌筛查选择的研究。我们选择了将共同决策的部分或全部重要方面与常规护理进行比较的研究。我们根据研究方法和规模等因素来判断研究结果的可信度。 我们发现了什么? 我们研究了19项研究，涉及64215名女性。研究人员向女性提供了有关乳腺癌筛查利弊的信息。大多数研究使用工具来提供这些信息。有六项研究不包括与医护人员的讨论，有11项研究没有考虑女性的价值观和偏好。这些研究对女性的跟踪时间较短，通常为一至三个月，研究地点包括...

在低风险和无选择妊娠中，孕早期和中期超声扫描识别胎儿异常的准确性 关键信息 产前超声检查通常在怀孕早期和中期进行，以确定发育中的婴儿（胎儿）的潜在问题。在这项研究中，我们分析了87项研究，包含700多万胎儿。虽然妊娠早期和中期的超声扫描在确认正常发育上表现良好（高特异性），但它们检测出问题的能力（敏感性）各不相同。与那些只接受孕中期扫描的女性相比，接受两次扫描的女性似乎在24周之前发现了更多的异常。然而，造成差异的原因可能是研究设计不同，而非检测真的具有差异。 什么是胎儿异常？ 胎儿异常是指在怀孕期间形成的可以影响婴儿器官或身体部位的异常。这些异常涵盖广泛情况，有的严重到致命，有的不太显著，其中一些可能被认为是正常的变化。 如何检测胎儿异常？ 胎儿异常主要是通过超声波检测，超声波利用声波来创建婴儿内部器官的详细图像。大多数国家在怀孕期间提供一次超声波扫描，以检查胎儿异常，通常在怀孕18至24周期间进行（即妊娠中期扫描）。一些国家还提供了早期异常扫描，以便在早期阶段识别一些重大异常。这种扫描通常在11至14周（妊娠早期扫描）进行。 我们想知道什么？ 目的是了解对于低风险和未被选中的孕妇，在妊娠早期和中期进行超声扫描在检测胎儿结构异常方面的准确性。该研究的另一目标是比较两种不同方法的准确性：仅涉及妊娠中期扫描的单阶段筛查方法和涉及妊娠早期和中期的两阶段方法。 我们做了什么? 我们评价...

补钙能否帮助超重和肥胖人群减重？ 关键信息 - 与补充假钙（如安慰剂）相比，补钙对超重和肥胖人群的整体体重减轻几乎没有影响。 - 补钙可能会导致体重指数（body mass index, BMI）和腰围的小幅下降。 - 需要更多高质量的研究来明确钙补充剂和体重之间的联系。 什么是肥胖？ 超重和肥胖被定义为对健康构成风险的过量脂肪堆积。身体质量指数（BMI）超过25被视为超重，超过30则视为肥胖。超重和肥胖的人患高血压、心血管疾病和糖尿病的风险较高。肥胖是一个重大的全球健康问题。 什么是补钙? 钙是身体所需，用来构建和保持强壮的骨骼和执行其他重要功能的一种矿物质。补钙包括口服补钙，如钙片或添加钙的食物和饮品。 我们想知道什么？ 我们想知道钙补充剂或钙强化食品是否能帮助超重或肥胖的人减重。我们还想知道补钙是否与任何副作用有关。 我们做了什么？ 我们检索了关于补钙对超重和肥胖人群影响的研究。我们比较和总结了研究结果，并根据研究方法和规模等因素，评价了证据的可信度。 我们发现什么？ 我们找到了18项研究，包含1873名受试者。所有研究都给了受试者不同剂量的钙片。我们没有找到任何评价钙强化食品或饮品的研究。研究对象为18-80岁的成年人。18项研究中有10项只包括女性，而且在所有研究中，大多数受试者是女性。8项研究在美国进行，6项研究在伊朗进行，巴西、中国和波多黎各各进行了1项研究，有1项...