哪些影响全身的治疗方法最适合治疗严重的皮肤反应（史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征和中毒性表皮坏死松解症）？ 关键信息 用依那西普（一种降低免疫系统特定部分的药物）而不是类固醇（广泛降低免疫系统）来治疗严重的皮肤反应，或许可以使史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征和中毒性表皮的死亡人数减少。 我们不确定其他治疗的有效性，例如类固醇和环孢菌素（作用于免疫系统的药物）或免疫球蛋白（天然产生的抗体）。我们需要在多个地点开展更多研究，以比较最重要治疗方法的有效性和安全性。 是什么导致严重的皮肤反应？ 某些药物可能会引发严重的皮肤反应，称为史蒂文斯-约翰逊综合征 ( Stevens-Johnson syndrome, SJS)，更严重的疾病称为中毒性表皮坏死松解症 (toxic epidermal necrolysis, TEN)，或重叠综合征 (SJS/TEN)。这形成大的皮肤水泡，留下疼痛的疮。受影响的皮肤最终会剥落（坏死）。病例很少见，但如果它们导致感染或影响其他器官，则可以是致命的。 严重的皮肤反应是医疗紧急情况，需要在医院进行治疗，通常是在重症监护室或烧伤病房。治疗包括支持性护理，例如液体和营养、伤口护理和止痛药物。 我们想了解什么？ 除了支持性护理外，口服或注射治疗还包括作用于免疫系统的药物（例如依那西普）和静脉注射免疫球蛋白（抗体）。 我们想了解这些疗法在治疗严重皮肤反应方面的效果如何。 我们做了什么...

A new Cochrane Library editorial has published 'Protecting human health in a time of climate change: how Cochrane should respond.' 

Researchers and methodologists have an important contribution to make to the response to climate change, by producing and synthesizing evidence relevant to climate-health impacts. While Cochrane has identified climate change as a key issue in its strategic plans, this editorial explores how to translate that high-level awareness into action and what work is needed.

This webinar recording  from Denise Thomson, founder and convenor of the Cochrane Climate-Health Working Group, explains the group’s work and why they believe that evidence synthesis and knowledge translation are so important in tackling climate change. 

• Read the  Cochrane Library Editorial
• Visit the Cochrane Climate-Health Working Group

Wednesday, March 30, 2022

Cochrane US and Lifeology hosted an International Women's Day themed #sciart challenge. The two winning designs have been selected and added to the Cochrane Store. 

For International Women’s Day (IWD) on March 8th, Cochrane hosted several free events, including an art and graphic challenge with Cochrane US and Lifeology to illustrate the theme of IWD for 2022: #BreakTheBias. The art or graphic had to be related to healthcare and/or evidence synthesis.

Two amazing designs were selected and we spoke to the artists to learn more about the meaning behind the designs. 

This pen and ink piece has to do with the personal geographies of women navigating their own bodies, health science, and economic access within what seems at times like an ocean wave or radio wave of fluidity. It represents the collaborative of women, building on each other's successes, and rising to higher peaks of understanding.

Shauna Lee Lange is the founder of Steam Creatives. She is an artist, analyst, and advisor with over 30 years experience in creative industries and government regulatory oversight. In 2005, she combined work in both fields to concentrate on a range of activities from self-taught professional artist, curator, and show producer to inside art influencer in the global art market. The digital component of her expert art advisory services known as Metaverse Watchdogs tracks the NFT, NFT art, crypto art, and blockchain art spaces. Steam Creatives was born out of a need to find a home for art that centered on visual communication within science and technology. Lange makes her home on Central California's coast, a place of much untouched natural beauty. You can view more of Shauna's work on the Steam Creatives website:  https://steamcreatives.com/

Three women from diverse backgrounds strike the "Break the Bias pose". Each of the women are stacked on top of one another so their crossed arms form the crossings of a double helix. The rest of the DNA strands are filled with small science-themed doodles coloured in black.

Abbey Morris is a recent graduate from the Master of Science Communication program at Laurentian University in Canada. She loves science communication because it allows her to bridge her interests in art, science, and social justice. Abbey strives to make scicomm a more equitable, diverse, and inclusive space for people to share their passion for science in creative and engaging ways. You can find more of Abbey's work on her website: https://abbeymor.wixsite.com/home 

Lina Cellante is a medical biotechnologist currently cutting her teeth in the medical writing world. In her previous life she was a researcher dealing with drug delivery and nanoparticles to fight brain cancer. During the years spent in the lab, she felt a growing need to better communicate her daily work and to find a way to interact more effectively with other scientists. After her Master's degree, she graduated in Journalism and Science communication and worked at the European Commission as a scientific communication officer. She has always been passionate about writing and her interests are nutrition, its positive influence on body health and mind, and how to make the most out of the technology we have to stimulate curiosity and convey positive messages. You can find more of Lina's work on her Lifeapp space: https://lifeapps.io/author/healthbites/

These designs are now available for a limited time in the Cochrane Store - on totes, t-shirts, and mugs! 

Friday, March 25, 2022

用于对医疗机构就诊的HIV感染者进行高病毒负荷量的即时检测 为什么改善HIV高病毒负荷量感染的诊断很重要？ 它有助于对正在接受抗逆转录病毒治疗（antiretroviral therapy, ART）的带HIV病毒存活者（people living with HIV, PLHIV)的HIV病毒水平进行监测。高病毒水平提示，药物未能抑制病毒，此情况即谓ART治疗失败，以致有严重疾病和死亡的风险。快速诊断检测是在临近患者处快速检出HIV高病毒水平（即时检测），这可增加发现ART早期变化的机会。 本综述的目的是什么? 确定即时（point-of-care, POC）检测的准确性，用于对医疗机构就诊的PLHIV患者为HIV高病毒水平做出诊断。 本综述研究了什么？ 用于检出病毒负荷量的即时检测结果相较于中心实验室检测（参考检测）结果。我们纳入了所有形式的POC平台检测病毒负荷量（viral load, VL），不考虑进行检测的医疗机构。 本综述的主要结果是什么？ 14项研究，共完成了20项评价，涉及8659名受试者，比较了分子POC检测在临床推荐的阳性阈值（≥1000拷贝/mL）对高病毒水平的诊断。 本综述的优势和局限性是什么？ 本综述纳入了足够的研究，均针对来自常规HIV/AIDS治疗中心或医疗机构的PLHIV患者样本，但尚不清楚是否纳入的受试者均在进行ART。而且，所纳入的检测皆非真的...

Wednesday, March 9, 2022

吸入性皮质类固醇对轻度COVID-19患者有效吗？ 关键信息 评价经口吸入路径给予吸入性皮质类固醇（抗炎药）以治疗2019年冠状病毒病（coronavirus disease 2019, COVID-19）。 我们找到了3项针对轻度疾病患者的已发表研究。吸入性皮质类固醇可能降低人们去医院或死亡（入院或入院前死亡）的风险。吸入性皮质类固醇或许减少人们出现COVID-19轻症的天数，还可能在14天时增加COVID-19症状的消退。它们或许对任何原因所致死亡产生很小或没有差异，我们也没有足够的证据以了解其是否造成严重伤害。 未见有数据涉及到没有症状（无症状）的COVID-19患者或中重度COVID-19患者。 我们发现有10项正在进行的研究和4项已完成的未发表研究。当其结果可用时，我们会更新本综述。 什么是吸入性皮质类固醇？ 吸入性皮质类固醇是药物，可经吸入器而被吸入至下呼吸道，在此减轻肺部炎症。它们通常用于治疗呼吸系统疾病，如哮喘和慢性阻塞性肺病。长期使用和不正确的吸入器技术或许引起副作用，包括被称作鹅口疮的口腔感染、声音变化及肺部感染风险增加。良好的吸入器技术意味着药物不会滞留于口腔和喉咙。 为什么吸入性皮质类固醇可能治疗COVID-19？ COVID-19主要影响肺和呼吸道。当免疫系统与病毒斗争时，肺和呼吸道会发炎。这种炎症可致呼吸困难，而且肺不能轻易地将氧气移至血液并从中去除二...

A statement from Cochrane's Governing Board: 

"Ukraine situation: Cochrane is an independent, diverse, global organization that collaborates to produce trusted synthesized evidence, make it accessible to all, and advocate for its use. Our guiding principles include participation, collaboration and access.   We endorse peace, and share the World Health Organization's concern for the health of those affected.

Cochrane and Wiley provide one-click free access to the Cochrane Library for Ukraine via IP recognition. There is also full text access available through a partnership with Research4Life for Refugee Camps recognized by UNRWA or categorized by UNHCR as 'planned/managed camps.'"

 

Tuesday, March 8, 2022

With the new feature of including PICO terms on review pages, you will be able to find the most relevant Cochrane evidence to answer your research or clinical question.

One way to construct a well-built question is to use the PICO model. PICO stands for Population, Intervention, Comparison, and Outcomes. 

• Population (or Patient or Problem) What are the characteristics of the patient or population – for example condition?
• Intervention What is the intervention under consideration for this patient or population – for example a drug or surgical intervention?
• Comparison What is the alternative to the intervention ¬– for example a different drug or a placebo?
• Outcome What are the relevant outcomes – for example quality of life or adverse events?

Cochrane's Information Specialists and Data Curation Specialists have annotated the PICO terms of Cochrane Reviews using the Cochrane Vocabulary.

"Adding PICO summaries to Cochrane reviews will make Cochrane evidence more accessible and increase its use in health and care decisions, which is part of Cochrane’s mission.” says Cochrane’s Editor in Chief, Dr Karla Soares-Weiser.

PICO Search
You can already use PICO Search to find reviews in which the search term is used as a Population, Intervention, Comparison, or Outcome. For example, PICO Search enables you to find reviews which consider Diabetes specifically as a Population component or alternativity as an Outcome component, therefore enabling you to search with precision on the PICO terms which are of specific interest.

PICO at-a-glance
Every Cochrane Review from 2015 onwards will now have the PICO terms listed under the abstract. This PICO overview helps ensure you find the most relevant Cochrane evidence to answer your research or clinical question. You will also be able to click on the individual PICO terms to see search results for all our Reviews tagged with that PICO term. 

“We worked directly with users of the Cochrane Library to learn about what improvements they wanted and how we could improve their journey on the site” said Rachel Craven, Head of Cochrane Library. “Having PICO terms expertly annotated in Cochrane Reviews can help answer your research and clinical questions – we’re excited to see them now prominently placed below each Cochrane Abstract.”

• Explore Cochrane Review on the Cochrane Library 
• How to conduct a PICO Search
• Conduct a PICO Search

Wednesday, March 16, 2022

居住照护的物理环境设计用于提高老年人的生活质量 本综述目的是什么？ 全世界的老年人口不断增加，痴呆症患者人数也在增加。已有资料表明，改善居住区设计或可提高养老照护设施居住者的生活质量、心境及进行日常生活活动的能力。本Cochrane综述旨在查验居住养老照护不同物理环境设计变化的作用，以确定其对居住者生活质量的影响。综述作者收集并分析了所有相关的研究来回答此问题，共发现20项研究。 关键信息 我们尚不确定，用以提高生活质量的居住养老照护的设计变化对居住者的影响，因为需要更多高质量的研究。 本综述研究了什么？ 本综述研究了居住养老场所物理环境设计的变化，此处指居住者生活环境的任何变化且旨在提高其生活质量。这些变化可为大型或小型变化。大型变化可以是居住照护设计上的变化，例如从目前使用的居住区设计变为有较少共同居住者数的家庭式设计。小型变化或许涉及翻新居住区或改变居住区单个组分（如照明）。我们纳入的研究，用于比较居住养老照护设施中规模大小不同的设计变化，或是比较变化的设计与当前所用的居住区设计，并查验设计变化对居住者生活质量、行为和日常活动的影响。生活质量并无一个统一的定义，但大多数定义包括个体对其生活多方面的期望，例如身体、心理、以及情绪健康、社交活动和生活状况。 本综述的主要研究结果是什么？ 综述作者发现了20项相关研究，在9个不同国家（澳大利亚、加拿大、德国、意大利、荷兰、西班牙、...

76% of new guidelines issued by WHO referenced Cochrane reviews in 2021.

Cochrane’s status as a non-governmental organization (NGO) in official relations with the World Health Organization (WHO) was recently renewed at WHO’s Executive Board meeting.

The official relation status enables us to join and make statements at key WHO meetings as a non-voting participant. This includes the World Health Assembly (WHA), WHO’s decision-making body, which is attended by representatives of all Member States, and is a key forum to advocate for evidence-informed health policies.

The renewal is also underpinned by a new joint plan of work for the next three years. Activities in the plan include:

• Providing relevant evidence synthesis and methodological support for consideration in the development of new WHO guidelines, the Essential Medicines List and other guidance
• Supporting WHO with training in the interpretation of evidence synthesis
• Contributing to activities which facilitate the use of evidence in policymaking at national, regional and global levels
• Collaboration on areas of mutual interest, including on essential medicines and diagnostics; research integrity; healthy ageing; reproductive health and nutrition

WHO is a key partner for Cochrane. This relationship enables us to provide input on the way research evidence is identified, synthesized, assessed and used by WHO – and ultimately contribute to improved health for all.

Use of Cochrane evidence in WHO guidance: in figures

Cochrane has been in official relations with WHO since 2011. As of 1 February 2022, 732 reviews from 47 Cochrane Review Groups (CRGs) have been used to inform 251 WHO accredited guidelines and other evidence-based recommendations.

In 2021, 76% of new WHO guidelines were informed by evidence from Cochrane reviews. A total of 78 reviews from 16 different CRGs are referenced.

Cochrane reviews have also been used in WHO’s COVID-19 technical guidance. Last year, a total of 13 reviews were used across 20 of WHO’s COVID-19 publications.

Cochrane is proud to be a core partner of the Evidence Collaboration on COVID-19 (ECC-19), coordinated by the WHO Science Division. We were also delighted that WHO was a co-sponsor of Cochrane Convenes and we hope to collaborate further in taking forward some of the recommendations in the resulting Call to Action.

A community effort

The relationship with WHO is supported by the efforts of many members of the Cochrane community. Thank you to everyone who has contributed to this ongoing, impactful work. Particular thanks also go to Emma Carter and Anne Eisinga at Cochrane UK for their work in charting how Cochrane reviews are used in WHO guidelines and other technical guidance.

For more information on the work that Cochrane does with WHO, please get in touch with Emma Thompson, Cochrane’s Advocacy and Partnerships Manager.

Read our statements made at recent major WHO events

• Cochrane makes statement to special session of the World Health Assembly
• Cochrane’s statement to the 74th World Health Assembly
• Cochrane statement to the 148th WHO Executive Board meeting on strengthening global emergency preparedness

Wednesday, March 9, 2022

Friday, March 4, 2022

分娩期常规阴道检查 问题是什么? 本Cochrane综述旨在了解用于评估分娩进展的常规阴道检查是否有效且为产妇所接受，并对采用这些检查与评估产妇分娩进展的其他方法进行比较。 为什么这很重要？ 分娩通常有监测，以确保其如期进展，而且没有任何可能对母亲或婴儿有害的异常征兆。最常采用的方法是常规阴道检查（定期进行），以提供有关产妇子宫颈扩张程度和婴儿位置的信息。分娩很慢可能是有潜在问题的迹象，这可能需要干预以加快产程和生产（催产）。然而，分娩慢也可能是分娩进展的正常变化，最近的证据表明，如果母亲和婴儿均状态良好，不应仅采用产程长短或宫颈扩张来决定分娩是否进展正常。 评估分娩进展的其他方法包括采用超声、评估母亲的行为以及身体外观进展迹象，例如随着分娩进展而在母亲的臀间形成一条紫线。但是，这些方法不是标准的做法。最有效的评估分娩进展的方法仍未建立。 阴道检查可能会让人感到不舒服、疼痛和痛苦。如果缓慢但正常的分娩被误诊为异常，这会导致不必要的干预，例如催产或剖腹产。有些产妇可能不想要这些干预，其使用还可能会造成情感及身体上的伤害。无论哪种方式，分娩进展误诊对产妇的身心都可能造成毁灭性的打击。应考虑产妇对所用评估分娩进展方法的看法和体验，连同有效性证据。 我们发现了什么证据？ 我们于2021年2月进行了检索，纳入了4项研究，有744名产妇和婴儿的数据。总体而言，由于研究方法和纳入产妇和婴儿数量...

关节镜手术治疗退行性膝关节疾病 背景 退行性膝关节疾病（影响关节内层和半月板的膝关节炎）是膝关节疼痛、肿胀和僵硬的最常见原因，导致行走困难。膝关节软骨受损，导致关节面摩擦，严重时有新骨形成。关节镜膝关节手术可去除受损的软骨和松散的组织，并使膝关节表面光滑。 研究特征 我们纳入了截至2021年4月16日发表的16项随机试验（2105名受试者）。试验实施在加拿大、丹麦、芬兰、意大利、挪威、巴基斯坦、韩国、西班牙、瑞典、荷兰和美国。 总体而言，56%的受试者为女性。受试者平均年龄范围为46至65岁，症状平均持续时间范围为1.6个月至4.4年。报告资金来源的9项试验中，无1项获得厂家资金。其余7项试验未报告有任何资金来源。 我们将报告内容限制在主要比较方面，即关节镜手术相较于安慰剂手术（模拟或假手术）。 主要结果 与安慰剂手术相比，关节镜手术没有多大益处： 疼痛（分数越低意味着疼痛越小） 术后3个月，根据0-100分标尺，关节镜手术改善疼痛比安慰剂好4.6分（好0.02分到9分）。 • 接受关节镜手术者评定其术后疼痛为35.5分。 • 接受安慰剂手术者评定其术后疼痛为40.1分。 膝关节功能（分数越高意味着功能越好） 术后3个月，根据0-100分标尺，关节镜手术改善膝关节功比安慰剂好0.1分（差3.2分到好3.4分）。 • 接受关节镜手术者评定其术后膝关节功能为76.0分。 • 接受安慰...

We are pleased to share the winners of the 2021 Cochrane-REWARD prize.

The Cochrane-REWARD prize recognizes successful local or pilot initiatives that have potential to reduce research waste globally if scaled up. Cochrane has funded the prize since it began in 2017. For this iteration of the prize, submissions related to tackling research waste relevant to COVID-19 were encouraged.

The prize ceremony took place on 1 March virtually (recordings are available below). Two representatives of the prize committee – Matt Westmore, Chief Executive of the UK Health Research Authority, and Lex Bouter, Professor of Methodology and Integrity at Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam – joined to announce the winners, who gave short presentations on their initiatives. Lisa Bero, Cochrane’s Senior Research Integrity Editor, also joined the session to give an update on Cochrane’s research integrity agenda.

2021 Cochrane-REWARD prize winners
This year was particularly competitive, with many very strong contenders for the prize committee to consider. Thank you to all who submitted nominations, and congratulations to the winners below:

First prize: COVID-END
The COVID-19 Evidence Network to support Decision-making (COVID-END) was awarded first prize. Jeremy Grimshaw and John Lavis accepted the prize on behalf of the network.

COVID-END is a time-limited network of 58 global evidence synthesis, guidance and decision support partner organizations established to better coordinate the evidence synthesis response to the COVID-19 pandemic and reduce research waste.

Together with its partners, COVID-END has worked to reduce waste in all five stages of research. Selected highlights include:

• Setting up a global horizon scanning panel to proactively identify recurrent and emerging issues requiring evidence syntheses in the coming months.
• Developing interactive flow-diagrams for researchers and guideline developers planning to work on a new review or guideline pointing them to helpful resources, while encouraging them to ensure that they are not duplicating the efforts of another group.
• Creating an inventory of best evidence syntheses highlighting quality up-to-date living syntheses that make it easier for decision makers to find the best evidence.
• Establishing a COVID-END community and living hub of COVID-19 knowledge hubs to link evidence synthesis, guidance and decision-support groups around the world interested in learning from others and sharing best practices.
• Providing the foundation for the Global Commission on Evidence to Address Societal Challenges, a report which aims to seize on the once-in-a-generation focus on evidence presented by the pandemic, calling for sustained efforts to systematize the successful aspects of using evidence and to address the shortfalls.

The prize committee was particularly impressed with COVID-END’s global reach, which includes participation from low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). The committee also saw that such an approach could be adapted and deployed for other crises in the future.

Second prize: MRC-NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership
The MRC-NIHR Trials Methodology Research Partnership (TMRP) received the second prize. Paula Williamson accepted the prize on behalf of the initiative.

TMRP is a community of practice which draws together several networks, academic institutions and partners engaged in trials and trials methodology research to strengthen links between trialists, methods researchers, clinicians, patients, the public and funders. It includes eight thematic working groups on topics such as adaptive designs, outcomes, statistical analysis and trial conduct.

As well as leading to more impactful research and less duplication of effort, better networking facilitated by TRMP enabled researchers to pivot and respond to the COVID-19 pandemic.

Selected network projects include:

• A priority-setting exercise to develop a trials methodology research agenda, feeding more specific exercises for recruitment and retention research, patient and public involvement in methods research, and priorities for methods research in LMICs.
• Designing clinical trials, including several platform trials of potential COVID-19 treatments, including the RECOVERY, AGILE, and HEAL-COVID trials.
• Developing COVID-19 core outcome sets (COS), including a ‘meta-COS’ for acute COVID-19, a COS for COVID-19 transmission prevention and a COS for Long COVID.
• Producing guidance and tools for researchers to support transparent and complete reporting of research.

The panel was very impressed with TRMP’s large body of work to date. We saw great potential to improve the overall standards of trial design, analysis and reporting if the approach were to be scaled up across further contexts.

Thank you to the Cochrane-REWARD prize committee
Special thanks to the Cochrane-REWARD prize committee for reviewing the entries during what was an especially competitive year for the prize. In 2021, the prize committee was:

• Lex Bouter, Professor of Methodology and Integrity, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam
• Sabine Kleinert (chair), Senior Executive Editor, The Lancet
• Joan Marsh, Editor-in-Chief, The Lancet Psychiatry
• Merel Ritskes-Hoitinga, Professor in Evidence-Based Laboratory Animal Science, Radboud University Medical Center
• Kieron Rooney, Associate Professor, University of Sydney
• Matt Westmore, Chief Executive, UK Health Research Authority

Wednesday, March 2, 2022

高胆红素血症的足月和早产儿在光疗下的周期性体位变化 研究问题 改变婴儿体位是否能够改善足月和早产儿黄疸的光疗效果？ 关键信息 在本系统综述中，我们评估了对接受黄疸光疗法的足月婴儿和早产儿进行预定体位变化和未预定体位变化的比较研究。这两种体位策略，对光治疗持续时间的长短或胆红素水平下降的速度影响很少或没有差异。黄疸是指由胆红素引起的皮肤和眼白变黄。 本系统综述中没有1项研究报告了改变婴儿体位对不良影响的影响，包括婴儿猝死综合症。 未来的研究应该调查在光照治疗下对婴儿的预定体位变化，同时纳入极早产儿和经历各种类型黄疸的婴儿。 什么是黄疸？ 黄疸（也称为高胆红素血症）是新生儿的一种常见疾病，它会导致皮肤和眼白变黄，这是血液中胆红素过多的结果。胆红素是红细胞分解时产生的一种黄色物质。新生儿的肝脏无法有效地清除血液中的胆红素，因此胆红素的含量就会增加。在某些情况下，婴儿血液中的胆红素水平会非常高，这可能会导致大脑损伤。一旦婴儿两周大，他们的肝脏就可以处理胆红素，黄疸就会自行好转。 黄疸如何治疗？ 黄疸最常见的治疗方法是光疗。婴儿被放置在一种特殊的光线下，眼睛被遮住，只穿尿布，以便尽可能多的皮肤暴露在光线下。光疗可以分解胆红素，以便将其排出体外。一些婴儿可能会因为光疗而得皮疹或腹泻，但它通常不会造成不良影响。通常需要48小时的光疗才能将大多数婴儿的胆红素降至安全水平。 我们想了解什么？ 在光...

比较确定神经胶质瘤是否缺少了染色体臂1p和19q的不同方法 为什么提高胶质瘤中1p/19q共缺失的检测很重要？ 神经胶质瘤是一种脑肿瘤（癌症）。有不同类型的神经胶质瘤，其遗传物质有不同的变化。其中一种遗传变化是我们23条染色体中的两条丢失了某部分。当1号和19号染色体的特定部分都缺失时，称为“1p/19q共缺失”。1p/19q共缺失可用于诊断一种称为少突胶质细胞瘤的神经胶质瘤。1p/19q 共缺失的存在也可以告诉我们胶质瘤患者可以存活多长时间，以及哪种药物治疗是最佳的。 本综述的目的是什么？ 我们想找出在胶质瘤中识别1p/19q共缺失的最准确和最具成本效益的方法。 本综述研究了什么？ 本综述检查并比较了所有检测1p/19q共缺失的方法，这些方法基于肿瘤的DNA（DNA包含生物体发育、生存和繁殖的信息）。当中包括直接在肿瘤组织上进行，称为FISH和CISH的测试；以及许多其他基于从肿瘤组织中提取的DNA的测试，包括：基于PCR的LOH、实时PCR、MLPA、SNP阵列、CGH阵列和 NGS。这些测试都不是完美的，因此没有“黄金标准”来比较它们。当中两种最常用的测试（FISH和基于PCR的LOH）被用作检查其他测试的最佳可用参考。 本综述的主要研究结果是什么？ 我们找到了53项研究。大多数测试擅长识别已由两种常见测试中的任何一种识别的1p/19q共缺失（意味着它们具有良好的“灵敏度”...

药物用于治疗创伤后应激障碍 本综述为何重要？ 创伤后应激障碍（posttraumatic stress disorder, PTSD）发生在遭受重大创伤后，且造成巨大的个人和社会花费。尽管传统上是采用心理疗法进行治疗，但已证明药物治疗可有效治疗PTSD。 谁会对本综述感兴趣？ ——PTSD患者。 ——PTSD患者的家人和朋友。 ——全科医生、精神科医生、心理学家和药剂师。 本综述旨在回答什么问题？ ——药物疗法对减轻PTSD成年患者的PTSD症状有效吗？ 本综述纳入了哪些研究？ 我们纳入了比较药物与安慰剂或对照或两者皆有的、用于治疗成年人PTSD的研究。 我们在本综述中纳入了66项试验，共有7442名受试者。 本综述证据告诉了我们什么？ 有证据显示，与安慰剂相比，选择性5-羟色胺再摄取抑制剂（selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, SSRIs）可改善PTSD症状，基于中等质量证据。还有证据显示，去甲肾上腺素能和特异性5-羟色胺能抗抑郁药（noradrenergic and specific serotonergic antidepressant, NaSSA） 米氮平和三环类抗抑郁药（tricyclic antidepressant, TCA）阿米替林在改善PTSD症状方面有益处，基于低质量证据。我们还发现有证据，与安慰剂相比，接受抗精神...

Covidence is a web-based software platform that streamlines the production of systematic reviews, including Cochrane Reviews. They have recently announced the launch of the Covidence Global Scholarship Program to financially support the next generation of superstar evidence researchers around the world.  With a $75,000 funding pool they will be supporting  some of the world’s brightest PhD and Masters students so they can spend more time creating knowledge that will make a big impact in the world. 

 

 Applicants to the Covidence Global Scholarship must meet all of the following criteria:

• Be a current PhD or Master by dissertation student of any nationality
• Be enrolled in any discipline at an accredited university during this academic year (2022)
• Be undertaking or will be starting a systematic review as part of the dissertation in the six months following the award (June-Dec 2022)

Covidence will be awarding 52 scholarships in total. Applications are open until Thursday 31st March 11.59pm EST.

• Learn more about the Covidence Global Scholarship Program and apply

 

To support the Global Scholarship Evidence, Covidence is  seeking Expressions of Interest from qualified individuals to serve on the Scholarship selection panel. To be eligible to participate, panel members must hold a Masters or PhD degree, or have equivalent experience. To ensure balanced representation on the panel, they encourage applications from diverse backgrounds and experience. Panel members will receive a USD$1000 honorarium. 

If you have any questions about submitting an Expression of Interest, please contact Nancy Owens, Head of Community Management at Covidence, at nancy@covidence.org. Expressions of interest for panelists close on Thursday, 31 March 2022, at 5.00 pm GMT. 

• Express your interest in becoming a panel member

 

About Covidence: 
Covidence is a SaaS social enterprise platform used around the world and by some of the world’s leading institutions to accelerate the systematic review workflow, making it easier to  turn the flood of new scientific research into high-quality, trustworthy knowledge summaries. Established in 2014,  Covidence provides free access to users in low-income countries and those participating in COVID-19 research.  To find out more about Covidence go to www.covidence.org

Monday, February 28, 2022

益生菌能够预防极早产儿或极低出生体重儿的坏死性小肠结肠炎吗？ 系统综述背景 极早产（早产8周以上）和极低出生体重（小于1.5千克）婴儿有患坏死性小肠结肠炎的风险，这种情况很严重，婴儿的肠道内壁会发炎，导致该组织的细胞坏死。从而诱发死亡、严重感染、长期残疾以及发育问题。 我们想了解什么？ 预防坏死性小肠结肠炎的可行方法之一是在喂奶时添加益生菌（由益生菌或酵母菌与不可消化的糖混合而成，以促进益生菌生长和移生）。我们想知道益生菌是否能对极早产儿和极低出生体重儿有益。坏死性小肠结肠炎、任何原因的死亡、严重感染、出生后的住院时长和神经发育结果是我们想要研究的结局。 我们做了什么？ 针对此次Cochrane系统综述，我们检索了几个重要的数据库，以确定哪些随机对照试验曾研究使用益生菌预防极早产儿和极低出生体重儿坏死性小肠结肠炎的情况。我们的系统综述与分析均遵照标准的Cochrane方法来执行。使用GRADE方法评估了每个结局的证据的质量。 我们有何发现？ 我们发现了6项试验，共涉及925名受试者。大多数试验规模都很小，且有设计缺陷，这可能会使研究结果产生偏差。 主要研究结果 综合分析表明，给极早产儿或极低出生体重儿服用益生菌可以降低坏死性小肠结肠炎和死亡的风险。使用益生菌降低严重感染的风险可能效果甚微或根本无效，但证据质量极低。我们纳入的研究中均未评估益生菌对残疾或发育结果的影响。 证据的局限...

成人肾病综合征微小病变的治疗干预 问题是什么？ 肾病综合征是一种肾脏将蛋白质漏出至尿液的病况。微小病变（minimal change disease, MCD）透过肾脏活检界定，是第三位最常见成人原发性肾脏疾病且有不明原因肾病综合征 (10%-15%)。尚未确定最有效的治疗方案。 我们做了什么? 我们找到了所有随机对照临床试验 (randomised controlled trials, RCTs)，以探究对微小病变所致的成人肾病综合征的治疗。我们检索了相关RCTs，以评价类固醇治疗和那些评价其他药物（有或没有类固醇治疗）的治疗。 我们发现了什么？ 我们发现了15项研究，随机分组769名受试者，其结果可进行评价。钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂（他克莫司、环孢素）合用或不用低剂量泼尼松龙与单用泼尼松龙皆可有效达到缓解，在耐药或复发人数方面未见差异（8项研究），但可见肥胖和痤疮副作用减少。肠溶衣霉酚酸钠与单用泼尼松龙皆可有效达到缓解，副作用方面未见差异。我们发现，尚不清楚泼尼松龙比是否会影响缓解或后续复发受试者人数，与未治疗或静脉注射甲基泼尼松龙相比，因证据质量极低。在1项小型研究中，与泼尼松龙相比，左旋咪唑治疗的缓解或复发人数未见差异。我们未发现任何已完成的评价利妥昔单抗的研究，但有2项研究正在进行中。 结论 我们发现本更新综述纳入的数据提示，钙调神经磷酸酶抑制剂和肠溶霉酚酸钠可能有效缓解成...